Improve slow path performance for allocation (#143)

* Remote dealloc refactor.

* Improve remote dealloc

Change remote to count down to 0, so fast path does not need a constant.

Use signed value so that branch does not depend on addition.

* Inline remote_dealloc

The fast path of remote_dealloc is sufficiently compact that it can be
inlined.

* Improve fast path in Slab::alloc

Turn the internal structure into tail calls, to improve fast path.
Should be no algorithmic changes.

* Refactor initialisation to help fast path.

Break lazy initialisation into two functions, so it is easier to codegen
fast paths.

* Minor tidy to statically sized dealloc.

* Refactor semi-slow path for alloc

Make the backup path a bit faster.  Only algorithmic change is to delay
checking for first allocation. Otherwise, should be unchanged.

* Test initial operation of a thread

The first operation a new thread takes is special.  It results in
allocating an allocator, and swinging it into the TLS.  This makes
this a very special path, that is rarely tested.  This test generates
a lot of threads to cover the first alloc and dealloc operations.

* Correctly handle reusing get_noncachable

* Fix large alloc stats

Large alloc stats aren't necessarily balanced on a thread, this changes
to tracking individual pushs and pops, rather than the net effect
(with an unsigned value).

* Fix TLS init on large alloc path

* Add Bump ptrs to allocator

Each allocator has a bump ptr for each size class.  This is no longer
slab local.

Slabs that haven't been fully allocated no longer need to be in the DLL
for this sizeclass.

* Change to a cycle non-empty list

This change reduces the branching in the case of finding a new free
list. Using a non-empty cyclic list enables branch free add, and a
single branch in remove to detect the empty case.

* Update differences

* Rename first allocation

Use needs initialisation as makes more sense for other scenarios.

* Use a ptrdiff to help with zero init.

* Make GlobalPlaceholder zero init

The GlobalPlaceholder allocator is now a zero init block of memory.
This removes various issues for when things are initialised. It is made read-only
to we detect write to it on some platforms.

src/ds/address.h

@@ -24,6 +24,15 @@ namespace snmalloc
     return reinterpret_cast<T*>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(base) + diff);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Perform pointer arithmetic and return the adjusted pointer.
+   */
+  template<typename T>
+  inline T* pointer_offset_signed(T* base, ptrdiff_t diff)
+  {
+    return reinterpret_cast<T*>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(base) + diff);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Cast from a pointer type to an address.
    */
@@ -125,4 +134,15 @@ namespace snmalloc
     return static_cast<size_t>(
       static_cast<char*>(cursor) - static_cast<char*>(base));
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Compute the difference in pointers in units of char. This can be used
+   * across allocations.
+   */
+  inline ptrdiff_t pointer_diff_signed(void* base, void* cursor)
+  {
+    return static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(
+      static_cast<char*>(cursor) - static_cast<char*>(base));
+  }
+
 } // namespace snmalloc

src/ds/bits.h

@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ namespace snmalloc
      *
      * `std::min` is in `<algorithm>`, so pulls in a lot of unneccessary code
      * We write our own to reduce the code that potentially needs reviewing.
-     **/
+     */
     template<typename T>
     constexpr inline T min(T t1, T t2)
     {
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ namespace snmalloc
      *
      * `std::max` is in `<algorithm>`, so pulls in a lot of unneccessary code
      * We write our own to reduce the code that potentially needs reviewing.
-     **/
+     */
     template<typename T>
     constexpr inline T max(T t1, T t2)
     {

src/ds/cdllist.h

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "defines.h"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace snmalloc
+{
+  /**
+   * Special class for cyclic doubly linked non-empty linked list
+   *
+   * This code assumes there is always one element in the list. The client
+   * must ensure there is a sentinal element.
+   */
+  class CDLLNode
+  {
+    /**
+     * to_next is used to handle a zero initialised data structure.
+     * This means that `is_empty` works even when the constructor hasn't
+     * been run.
+     */
+    ptrdiff_t to_next = 0;
+
+    // TODO: CHERI will need a real pointer too
+    //    CDLLNode* next = nullptr;
+    CDLLNode* prev = nullptr;
+
+    void set_next(CDLLNode* c)
+    {
+      // TODO: CHERI will need a real pointer too
+      //      next = c;
+      to_next = pointer_diff_signed(this, c);
+    }
+
+  public:
+    /**
+     * Single element cyclic list.  This is the empty case.
+     */
+    CDLLNode()
+    {
+      set_next(this);
+      prev = this;
+    }
+
+    SNMALLOC_FAST_PATH bool is_empty()
+    {
+      return to_next == 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes this element from the cyclic list is it part of.
+     */
+    SNMALLOC_FAST_PATH void remove()
+    {
+      SNMALLOC_ASSERT(!is_empty());
+      debug_check();
+      get_next()->prev = prev;
+      prev->set_next(get_next());
+      // As this is no longer in the list, check invariant for
+      // neighbouring element.
+      get_next()->debug_check();
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+      set_next(nullptr);
+      prev = nullptr;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    SNMALLOC_FAST_PATH CDLLNode* get_next()
+    {
+      // TODO: CHERI will require a real pointer
+      //    return next;
+      return pointer_offset_signed(this, to_next);
+    }
+
+    SNMALLOC_FAST_PATH CDLLNode* get_prev()
+    {
+      return prev;
+    }
+
+    SNMALLOC_FAST_PATH void insert_next(CDLLNode* item)
+    {
+      debug_check();
+      item->set_next(get_next());
+      get_next()->prev = item;
+      item->prev = this;
+      set_next(item);
+      debug_check();
+    }
+
+    SNMALLOC_FAST_PATH void insert_prev(CDLLNode* item)
+    {
+      debug_check();
+      item->prev = prev;
+      prev->set_next(item);
+      item->set_next(this);
+      prev = item;
+      debug_check();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the lists invariants
+     *   x->next->prev = x
+     * for all x in the list.
+     */
+    void debug_check()
+    {
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+      CDLLNode* item = get_next();
+      CDLLNode* p = this;
+
+      do
+      {
+        SNMALLOC_ASSERT(item->prev == p);
+        p = item;
+        item = item->get_next();
+      } while (item != this);
+#endif
+    }
+  };
+} // namespace snmalloc

src/ds/dllist.h

@@ -94,12 +94,12 @@ namespace snmalloc
       return *this;
     }
 
-    bool is_empty()
+    SNMALLOC_FAST_PATH bool is_empty()
     {
       return head == Terminator();
     }
 
-    T* get_head()
+    SNMALLOC_FAST_PATH T* get_head()
     {
       return head;
     }
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ namespace snmalloc
       return tail;
     }
 
-    T* pop()
+    SNMALLOC_FAST_PATH T* pop()
     {
       T* item = head;
 
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ namespace snmalloc
 #endif
     }
 
-    void remove(T* item)
+    SNMALLOC_FAST_PATH void remove(T* item)
     {
 #ifndef NDEBUG
       debug_check_contains(item);

src/ds/helpers.h

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespace snmalloc
    *
    * Wraps on read. This allows code to trust the value is in range, even when
    * there is a memory corruption.
-   **/
+   */
   template<size_t length, typename T>
   class Mod
   {