This introduces a new `address_t` type and two new casts: `pointer_cast`
and `address_cast` for casting between an `address_t` and a pointer.
These should make it easier to audit the codebase for casts between
pointers and integers. In particular, the remaining `reinterpret_cast`s
and `pointer_cast`s should be the only places where we could perform
invalid pointer arithmetic.
Also adds a `pointer_offset` helper that adds an offset (in bytes) to a
pointer, preserving its original type. This is a sufficiently common
pattern that it seemed worthwhile to centralise it.
