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Akilan Selvacoumar
2025-06-12 17:12:54 +01:00
parent 3d1f044311
commit 89445d24fa
214 changed files with 88931 additions and 420 deletions
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3
.vscode/settings.json vendored
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docs/EuroSys/.DS_Store vendored
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docs/EuroSys/Paper/paper.aux
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42
docs/EuroSys/Paper/paper.fdb_latexmk
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@@ -536,9 +536,16 @@ in this implementation is the use of range addresses with CHERI CC~\cite{woodruf
% mitigating issues related to memory fragmentation.
% \end{itemize}
% \begin{figure}[ht]ß
% \centering
% \includesvg[width=0.8\linewidth]{diagram/drawing.svg}
% \caption{High overview architecture}
% \label{fig:HighOverviewArchitecture}√
% \end{figure}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includesvg[width=0.8\linewidth]{diagram/drawing.svg}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{diagram/drawing.pdf}
\caption{High overview architecture}
\label{fig:HighOverviewArchitecture}
\end{figure}
@@ -598,8 +605,8 @@ which is called when there is a L1 TLB miss. FlexPointer builds up on the work o
and 64th bit which is the value to check the range table on parallel to the L1 TLB lookup.
The FAT allocator builds up on the concept of range from RMM and FlexPointer. Instead of using a
hardware range table using CHERI range information can be encoded within a capability pointer.
A memory range in FAT has two points to track memory in physical contiguous space which
hardware range table using CHERI, range information can be encoded within a capability pointer.
A memory range in FAT has two points to track memory in physically contiguous space which
is the top and bottom. These two points are two virtual addresses and the range consists of
addresses that lie within this and refers to addresses allocated by invoking \textit{malloc}.
FAT memory ranges are established using
@@ -656,7 +663,7 @@ This approach offers a more flexible alternative to the traditional fixed-size T
This means that the default behavior of most allocators, such
as Jemalloc, would allow precise representation of bounds within
a FAT . These pointers can then be repurposed as memory ranges in custom memory allocators, offering a more flexible
a FAT. These pointers can then be repurposed as memory ranges in custom memory allocators, offering a more flexible
alternative to fixed-size TLB entries.
% We use the CHERI CC

6
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@@ -59,9 +59,11 @@ Recheck require read of the paper
- [x] "This approach has helped reduce" -> "This approach reduces"
- [x] "Remove comprehensive"
** Changes
- [ ] Fix image
** Changes
- [x] Fix image
- [x] Integrate Jemalloc to Abstract and Intro
- [x] Integrate to conclusion
- [x] Fix Analysis
- [ ] Read through the entire paper

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#
# This file is in public domain
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# $Id: Makefile,v 1.10 2016/04/14 21:55:57 boris Exp $
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@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
* Meeting agenda
- [ ] To discuss the Jemalloc expirment.
- [ ] To dicuss strategy to plot high variance in the graphs.
- [ ] Paper writing progress.
- [ ] Waiting on Ryad for his group of points to change.
- [ ] Next up would be Hans-Wolfgang's set of reviews.
** This weeks plan
- [ ] Full time paper writing mode from the 30th April (Tomorrow onwards)
- [ ] Waiting on Ryad's feedback (To start his corrections from Wednesday onwards)
- [ ] To plot other set of C programs as listed on the paper for the Jemalloc modification.
- [ ] Write up Expirement section for Jemalloc expirment.

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latexmk --shell-escape -pdf paper.tex

71
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@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
** Changelog
*** General
- [x] Change name (Thinking of using (Fat Address Translation) -> similar to GNU))
- [x] Avoid words which create options
- [x] Use citation with ```~/cite{foo}```
- [x] Clear distinction on Literature review and contribution done
- [x] Generalise capitalisation
- [x] Instead of "Leverage" -> "use"
- [ ] Remove whitespace from figures to be compressed
- [ ] Uniform font sizes in figures
- [ ] Symmetrical lines on the figure
- [x] TLB with acronym only once for the first instance in the paper
*** Abstract (Re-read required later on)
- [x] Reduce Abstract to a single paragraph'
- [x] "Mitigate gap, capacity" -> Expand on for instance on how is it measured.
- [x] Huge pages moved to the introduction.
- [ ] Robs proposed structure (This paper presents <NAME> user-space memory allocator. It uses capability-based addressing to <list properties>.
*** Introduction
- [x] "It becomes possible" expand more with baseline compressed bounds (Relook into this later on).
- [x] "This paper makes the following contribution" -. bullet points with marked sections.
- [x] Research questions removed.
- [x] "This implementation" Specify implementation
- [ ] Robs recommended Introduction structure (Expansion of the abstract, Name of the existing system, clearly describe limitation, Introduce memory allocator).
*** 2.1 Encoding ranges as bounds
- [x] Repetition "Tracking of memory ranges using information in pointers" -> remove this
- [x] Paraphrase last sentence (To be looked into later on again).
*** 2.2 128 bit compressed bounds
- [x] Cites Jemalloc paragraph.
- [x] Last sentence needs rewriting. (Needs re-check)
*** 2.3 Instrumenting block based allocator
- [x] Needs citation "Which increases overhead and adds complexity"
- [x] Elaborate on "this method"
- [x] "precise" memory management (Elaborate on this and prove which aspects of the other allocator are not precise). (Todo be looked later on).
*** Memory allocator design
- [x] Remove from heading "sample" and ":"
- [x] Remove future work paragraph
- [x] "unmapped" -> unmap
- [x] "Risks of memory leaks with metadata lookups or complex data structures" -> Elaborate on this (Commented until further notice).
*** Evaluation
- [x] Name of the project keeps the sentence shorter.
- [x] "Such as" -> Definitive and exhaustive.
- [x] Section reference on evaluation expanded.
- [x] Remove "Providing a solid foundation for meaningful comparisons"
- [x] Decide to use Macro or instead "real world C programs"
- [x] Experiment section typo heading
- [x] Fix Latex benchmarks structure
- [x] Change from "Diagram" to "Figure"
- [x] Result para 2 -> too wordy
- [x] "aimed" first use of past tense (Recommendation: avoid)
- [x] Rewrite usability (Changed to Analysis)
*** Related work
- [x] Related work lifted up after introduction based on the reflection of the feedback.
*** Conclusion
- [x] Rewrite

76
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@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
** Changelog
*** General
- [x] Change name (Thinking of using (Fat Address Translation) -> similar to GNU))
- [x] Avoid words which create options
- [x] Use citation with ```~/cite{foo}```
- [x] Clear distinction on Literature review and contribution done
- [x] Generalise capitalisation
- [x] Instead of "Leverage" -> "use"
- [ ] Remove whitespace from figures to be compressed
- [ ] Uniform font sizes in figures
- [ ] Symmetrical lines on the figure
- [x] TLB with acronym only once for the first instance in the paper
*** Abstract (Re-read required later on)
- [x] Reduce Abstract to a single paragraph'
- [x] "Mitigate gap, capacity" -> Expand on for instance on how is it measured.
- [x] Huge pages moved to the introduction.
- [ ] Robs proposed structure (This paper presents <NAME> user-space memory allocator. It uses capability-based addressing to <list properties>.
*** Introduction
- [x] "It becomes possible" expand more with baseline compressed bounds (Relook into this later on).
- [x] "This paper makes the following contribution" -. bullet points with marked sections.
- [x] Research questions removed.
- [x] "This implementation" Specify implementation
- [ ] Robs recommended Introduction structure (Expansion of the abstract, Name of the existing system, clearly describe limitation, Introduce memory allocator).
*** 2.1 Encoding ranges as bounds
- [x] Repetition "Tracking of memory ranges using information in pointers" -> remove this
- [x] Paraphrase last sentence (To be looked into later on again).
*** 2.2 128 bit compressed bounds
- [x] Cites Jemalloc paragraph.
- [x] Last sentence needs rewriting. (Needs re-check)
*** 2.3 Instrumenting block based allocator
- [x] Needs citation "Which increases overhead and adds complexity"
- [x] Elaborate on "this method"
- [x] "precise" memory management (Elaborate on this and prove which aspects of the other allocator are not precise). (Todo be looked later on).
*** Memory allocator design
- [x] Remove from heading "sample" and ":"
- [x] Remove future work paragraph
- [x] "unmapped" -> unmap
- [x] "Risks of memory leaks with metadata lookups or complex data structures" -> Elaborate on this (Commented until further notice).
*** Evaluation
- [x] Name of the project keeps the sentence shorter.
- [x] "Such as" -> Definitive and exhaustive.
- [x] Section reference on evaluation expanded.
- [x] Remove "Providing a solid foundation for meaningful comparisons"
- [x] Decide to use Macro or instead "real world C programs"
- [x] Experiment section typo heading
- [x] Fix Latex benchmarks structure
- [x] Change from "Diagram" to "Figure"
- [x] Result para 2 -> too wordy
- [x] "aimed" first use of past tense (Recommendation: avoid)
- [x] Rewrite usability (Changed to Analysis)
*** Related work
- [x] Related work lifted up after introduction based on the reflection of the feedback.
*** Conclusion
- [x] Rewrite
*** Experiment work
- [x] 3 line switch in as mmap in Jemalloc for with sample C program.
- [x] Ported Libc ```shm_large_page``` to a kernel module to ensure multiple large scale allocators can use our implementation.
- [ ] Testing the Ported Libc kernel module (Micro benchmark for TLB stress test)
- [ ] Port this over to Jemalloc

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% Created 2025-04-12 Sat 12:37
% Intended LaTeX compiler: pdflatex
\documentclass[11pt]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{capt-of}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\author{Akilan}
\date{\today}
\title{}
\hypersetup{
pdfauthor={Akilan},
pdftitle={},
pdfkeywords={},
pdfsubject={},
pdfcreator={Emacs 30.1 (Org mode 9.7.11)},
pdflang={English}}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\section{Changelog}
\label{sec:orgccfe838}
\subsection{General}
\label{sec:org1309166}
\begin{itemize}
\item Change name (Thinking of using (Fat Address Translation) -> similar to GNU))
\item Avoid words which create options
\item Use citation with ```\textasciitilde{}/cite\{foo\}```
\item Clear distinction on Literature review and contribution done
\item Generalise capitalisation
\item Instead of "Leverage" -> "use"
\item[{$\square$}] Remove whitespace from figures to be compressed
\item[{$\square$}] Uniform font sizes in figures
\item[{$\square$}] Symmetrical lines on the figure
\item TLB with acronym only once for the first instance in the paper
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Abstract (Re-read required later on)}
\label{sec:org8685c9f}
\begin{itemize}
\item Reduce Abstract to a single paragraph'
\item "Mitigate gap, capacity" -> Expand on for instance on how is it measured.
\item Huge pages moved to the introduction.
\item[{$\square$}] Robs proposed structure (This paper presents <NAME> user-space memory allocator. It uses capability-based addressing to <list properties>.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Introduction}
\label{sec:org53e6522}
\begin{itemize}
\item "It becomes possible" expand more with baseline compressed bounds (Relook into this later on).
\item "This paper makes the following contribution" -. bullet points with marked sections.
\item Research questions removed.
\item "This implementation" Specify implementation
\item[{$\square$}] Robs recommended Introduction structure (Expansion of the abstract, Name of the existing system, clearly describe limitation, Introduce memory allocator).
\end{itemize}
\subsection{2.1 Encoding ranges as bounds}
\label{sec:org87f02f1}
\begin{itemize}
\item Repetition "Tracking of memory ranges using information in pointers" -> remove this
\item Paraphrase last sentence (To be looked into later on again).
\end{itemize}
\subsection{2.2 128 bit compressed bounds}
\label{sec:org767dd8c}
\begin{itemize}
\item Cites Jemalloc paragraph.
\item Last sentence needs rewriting. (Needs re-check)
\end{itemize}
\subsection{2.3 Instrumenting block based allocator}
\label{sec:org727e319}
\begin{itemize}
\item Needs citation "Which increases overhead and adds complexity"
\item Elaborate on "this method"
\item "precise" memory management (Elaborate on this and prove which aspects of the other allocator are not precise). (Todo be looked later on).
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Memory allocator design}
\label{sec:org0a7d2f0}
\begin{itemize}
\item Remove from heading "sample" and ":"
\item Remove future work paragraph
\item "unmapped" -> unmap
\item "Risks of memory leaks with metadata lookups or complex data structures" -> Elaborate on this (Commented until further notice).
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Evaluation}
\label{sec:orgfee80dd}
\begin{itemize}
\item Name of the project keeps the sentence shorter.
\item "Such as" -> Definitive and exhaustive.
\item Section reference on evaluation expanded.
\item Remove "Providing a solid foundation for meaningful comparisons"
\item Decide to use Macro or instead "real world C programs"
\item Experiment section typo heading
\item Fix Latex benchmarks structure
\item Change from "Diagram" to "Figure"
\item Result para 2 -> too wordy
\item "aimed" first use of past tense (Recommendation: avoid)
\item Rewrite usability (Changed to Analysis)
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Related work}
\label{sec:orgeb8e639}
\begin{itemize}
\item Related work lifted up after introduction based on the reflection of the feedback.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Conclusion}
\label{sec:org1fae2ee}
\begin{itemize}
\item Rewrite
\end{itemize}
\end{document}

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To Robert, for the bagels and explaining CMYK and color spaces.

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static void *
os_pages_map(void *addr, size_t size, size_t alignment, bool *commit) {
assert(ALIGNMENT_ADDR2BASE(addr, os_page) == (vaddr_t)addr);
assert(ALIGNMENT_CEILING(size, os_page) == size);
assert(size != 0);
/* Non-NULL addresses don't work in CheriABI */
if (addr != NULL)
return (NULL);
if (os_overcommits) {
*commit = true;
}
void *ret;
ret = MALLOCCHERI(size);
assert(ret != NULL);
if (addr != NULL && ret != addr) {
/*
* We succeeded in mapping memory, but not in the right place.
*/
os_pages_unmap(ret, size);
ret = NULL;
}
}
void *
pages_map(void *addr, size_t size, size_t alignment, bool *commit) {
assert(alignment >= PAGE);
assert(ALIGNMENT_ADDR2BASE(addr, alignment) == (vaddr_t)addr);
if (size & ~CHERI_REPRESENTABLE_ALIGNMENT_MASK(size))
abort();
...
void *ret = MALLOCCHERI(size); // replaced instead of mmap
return ret;
}
static bool
pages_commit_impl(void *addr, size_t size, bool commit) {
assert(PAGE_ADDR2BASE(addr) == addr);
assert(PAGE_CEILING(size) == size);
...
void *result = MALLOCCHERI(size); // replaced instead of mmap
if (result != addr) {
/*
* We succeeded in mapping memory, but not in the right
* place.
*/
os_pages_unmap(result, size);
return true;
}
return false;
}
static void
os_pages_unmap(void *addr, size_t size) {
assert(ALIGNMENT_ADDR2BASE(addr, os_page) == (vaddr_t)addr);
assert(ALIGNMENT_CEILING(size, os_page) == size);
FREECHERI(addr);
}

101
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* Malloc
Not needed:
The provided pseudocode outlines a modified implementation
of jemalloc’s memory mapping routines, adapted to work with
a custom malloc(sz) allocator. Instead of relying on traditional
operating system mechanisms like mmap, the memory allocation is
handled using MALLOC(size)
-> refer pseudo code implementation.
which refers to a simplified allocator
defined earlier. This custom allocator manages a preallocated
memory region, aligns the requested size, decrements a memory
counter, and returns a pointer with enforced bounds for memory
safety. This approach is especially suited for constrained or
security-focused environments such as CHERI, where strict
control over memory access and deterministic allocation
behavior is essential.
The os_pages_map function simulates jemalloc’s low-level page
mapping routine. It first checks if a specific address is
requested in case relevant to CheriABI where such behavior
is disallowed and returns NULL.
If memory overcommitment
is allowed it forces the commit flag to true.
It then allocates memory using the custom MALLOC(size) function and validates
whether the returned pointer matches the requested address
(if one was provided). If there’s a mismatch, it unmaps (i.e calling FREE() -> ref algorithm) the
memory and returns NULL; otherwise, it returns the allocated
pointer.
The pages_map function is a simplified variant that ignores
alignment and address constraints. It directly allocates the
requested memory size using the internal allocator and returns
the result. This is appropriate in scenarios where alignment is
either managed elsewhere or not critical.
This approach mentioned above is embeded inside jemallocs strategy of managing memory through arenas and size classes.
In jemalloc, memory is divided into chunks, which are further subdivided into runs and regions to
handle allocations of various sizes efficiently. By aligning sizes and managing allocations within
predefined structures, jemalloc minimizes fragmentation (source: http://hydra.azilian.net/Papers/jemalloc.pdf)
Not needed:
The pages_commit_impl function emulates memory commitment, a
feature in systems that support lazy memory allocation. It
reallocates memory using MALLOC(size) and checks whether
the returned pointer matches the expected address. If not,
it unmaps the memory and signals failure by returning true;
otherwise, it indicates success by returning false.
Not needed:
Collectively, these routines demonstrate how jemalloc can be
adapted to operate atop a custom memory allocator instead of
relying on the OS. This enables jemalloc to function in
specialized environments that require stricter memory controls,
such as embedded systems or capability-based architectures,
while still maintaining its structure and allocation policies.
* Free
The os_pages_unmap algorithm represents a customized abstraction of jemallocs
memory unmapping routine, designed to integrate with the previously defined simplified
free(ptr) implementation. In conventional jemalloc configurations, os_pages_unmap would
invoke low-level system calls such as munmap to release virtual memory pages back to the
operating system. However, in this adapted version, the function instead delegates the
deallocation to a higher-level FREE(addr) -> Point to algorithm implementation
Not needed:
routine, which encapsulates memory management
within a user-defined allocator, rather than relying on direct interaction with the
operating system.
The function begins by enforcing two invariants through assertions: first, that the input
address addr is aligned to the operating system's page size (os_page), and second, that
the size of the memory region is also a multiple of os_page. These alignment checks are
critical for maintaining consistency with jemalloc’s internal page-based memory
management semantics and ensuring compatibility with the allocator's expectations.
Following these checks, the memory at the specified address is deallocated via the
FREE(addr) operation. As previously defined in the free(ptr) pseudocode, this involves
retrieving the size of the allocated region through bounds metadata
(reference section) and invoking an internal unmap routine to mark the region
as available.
The following changes done to free is embedded inside jemallocs deallocation mechanism, where metadata associated with each allocation
(such as size and location) is used to efficiently return memory to the appropriate arena or pool. jemalloc maintains
separate metadata structures to track allocations, allowing for quick deallocation and reuse of memory blocks
without significant overhead.
Not needed:
This design enables jemalloc to operate seamlessly in environments where
standard system-level memory operations are either restricted or abstracted away, such
as in sandboxed, embedded, or capability-based systems like CHERI.
Not needed:
Overall, this approach demonstrates how jemalloc’s modular architecture can be extended
to support alternative memory management strategies. By redirecting low-level memory
operations to custom allocators, developers can adapt jemalloc to function effectively
in constrained or security-critical execution contexts, without compromising on its
underlying allocation model or safety guarantees.

43
docs/RISCV-FAT/Paper/jemalloc.org~ Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
The provided pseudocode outlines a modified implementation
of jemalloc’s memory mapping routines, adapted to work with
a custom malloc(sz) allocator. Instead of relying on traditional
operating system mechanisms like mmap, the memory allocation is
handled using MALLOC(size), which refers to a simplified allocator
defined earlier. This custom allocator manages a preallocated
memory region, aligns the requested size, decrements a memory
counter, and returns a pointer with enforced bounds for memory
safety. This approach is especially suited for constrained or
security-focused environments such as CHERI, where strict
control over memory access and deterministic allocation
behavior is essential.
The os_pages_map function simulates jemalloc’s low-level page
mapping routine. It first checks if a specific address is
requested—a case relevant to CheriABI where such behavior
is disallowed—and returns NULL if so. If memory overcommitment
is allowed, it forces the commit flag to true. It then allocates
memory using the custom MALLOC(size) function and validates
whether the returned pointer matches the requested address
(if one was provided). If there’s a mismatch, it unmaps the
memory and returns NULL; otherwise, it returns the allocated
pointer.
The pages_map function is a simplified variant that ignores
alignment and address constraints. It directly allocates the
requested memory size using the internal allocator and returns
the result. This is appropriate in scenarios where alignment is
either managed elsewhere or not critical.
The pages_commit_impl function emulates memory commitment, a
feature in systems that support lazy memory allocation. It
reallocates memory using MALLOC(size) and checks whether
the returned pointer matches the expected address. If not,
it unmaps the memory and signals failure by returning true;
otherwise, it indicates success by returning false.
Collectively, these routines demonstrate how jemalloc can be
adapted to operate atop a custom memory allocator instead of
relying on the OS. This enables jemalloc to function in
specialized environments that require stricter memory controls,
such as embedded systems or capability-based architectures,
while still maintaining its structure and allocation policies.

15
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@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
\relax
\providecommand\hyper@newdestlabel[2]{}
\providecommand\HyField@AuxAddToFields[1]{}
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\gdef \@abspage@last{1}

184
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@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
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\url{https://www.cheribsd.org/tutorial/23.11/benchmark/index.html}.
\bibitem[Ben()]{Benchmark}
{CHERI}-allocator/benchmarks/benchmarks/{StressTestMalloc}/glibc-bench.c at
main · akilan1999/{CHERI}-allocator.
\newblock URL
\url{https://github.com/Akilan1999/CHERI-Allocator/blob/main/benchmarks/benchmarks/StressTestMalloc/glibc-bench.c}.
\bibitem[Mor()]{Morello}
Department of computer science and technology – {CHERI}: The arm morello
board.
\newblock URL
\url{https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/ctsrd/cheri/cheri-morello.html}.
\bibitem[Watson et~al.(2023)Watson, Clarke, Sewell, Woodruff, Moore, Barnes,
Grisenthwaite, Stacer, Baranga, and Richardson]{BenchmarkABI}
Robert N.~M. Watson, Jessica Clarke, Peter Sewell, Jonathan Woodruff, Simon~W.
Moore, Graeme Barnes, Richard Grisenthwaite, Kathryn Stacer, Silviu Baranga,
and Alexander Richardson.
\newblock {Early performance results from the prototype Morello
microarchitecture}.
\newblock Technical Report UCAM-CL-TR-986, University of Cambridge, Computer
Laboratory, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FD, United Kingdom, phone
+44 1223 763500, September 2023.
\bibitem[Per()]{PerformanceCounter}
Arm architecture reference manual for a-profile architecture.
\newblock URL \url{https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0487/latest}.
\bibitem[Singh(1993)]{singh1993}
Jaswinder~Pal Singh.
\newblock \emph{Parallel Hierarchical N-body Methods and Their Implications for
Multiprocessors}.
\newblock PhD thesis, Stanford University, February 1993.
\bibitem[Holt and Singh(1995)]{holt1995}
C.~Holt and Jaswinder~Pal Singh.
\newblock Hierarchical n-body methods on shared address space multiprocessors.
\newblock In \emph{SIAM Conference on Parallel Processing for Scientific
Computing}, February 1995.
\newblock To appear.
\end{thebibliography}

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abstract: |
The increasing gap between workload memory requirements and the
capacity of translation lookaside buffers (TLBs) means TLB misses are
more frequency, costing additional clock cycles, impacting runtime
performance. One solution is to use physically contiguous memory in
conjunction with huge pages. We propose an alternative approach, by
exploiting capability-based addressing in the CHERI architecture. This
paper presents a new memory allocator. It associates capabilities with
memory pointers. integrating block-based allocations within huge
pages. Our allocator reduces TLB misses by up to 90%, which leads to
reduced runtimes for memory-intensive applications.
author:
- Akilan Selvacoumar
bibliography:
- paperReferences.bib
title: Fat Address Translations
---
# Introduction
In computing, achieving high performance is an ongoing challenge,
especially as applications handle increasingly complex workloads. Memory
management is a key factor in performance, where efficient use of
resources is essential. Translation Lookaside Buffers (TLBs) are crucial
in this context, speeding up memory access by caching recent memory
address translations. A TLB, a specialised cache in the memory
management unit (MMU), reduces the time required to convert virtual
addresses to physical ones. When a program accesses data in memory, the
MMU first checks the TLB for a matching entry, avoiding the slower
process of consulting page tables. However, as applications grow larger
and more complex, the fixed size of TLBs often cannot keep up, leading
to more TLB misses and performance slowdowns [@mittal_survey_2017]. To
tackle this issue, researchers have explored new solutions, including
the use of huge pages [@panwar_hawkeye_2019].
Huge pages, also known as large pages, allow for the allocation of
memory in significantly larger chunks compared to traditional small
pages. By reducing the number of TLB entries needed to access a given
amount of memory, huge pages offer a potential avenue for optimising
TLBs use by reducing the number of entries needed to map large memory
regions. This not only decreases the frequency of TLB misses but also
lowers the overhead associated with address translation. By minimising
these bottlenecks, huge pages can improve system performance in aspects
such as speeding up memory-intensive applications, reducing latency in
data access, and enhancing throughput for workloads that rely heavily on
large datasets.
Simultaneously, advancements in hardware-level security, such as the
Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions (CHERI)
 [@woodruff_cheri_2014] architecture, present additional opportunities
for performance enhancement. CHERI's capability-based addressing
approach not only strengthens system security by tightly controlling
memory access but also opens avenues for optimising memory management
operations. By integrating CHERI's compressed encoded
bounds [@woodruff_cheri_2019] with the use of huge pages, We have shown
it is possible to track and manage large, physically contiguous memory
blocks without requiring numerous TLB entries. This combination reduces
TLB pressure by minimising the number of entries required to map
extensive memory regions, thereby decreasing TLB misses and improving
address translation performance. Furthermore, it accelerates
memory-intensive tasks by reducing the overhead associated with managing
non-contiguous memory allocations. The contributions for the following
paper are as follows:
- **FAT Addresses Translations**: Introduces FAT that include memory
bounds, allowing efficient tracking and management of physically
contiguous memory regions (Section
 [3](#sec:FatPointerTranslations){reference-type="ref"
reference="sec:FatPointerTranslations"}).
- **CHERI's Capability-based Optimization**: Demonstrates how CHERI's
architecture can be used to optimize memory allocation by encoding
memory bounds directly within pointers, reducing TLB reliance (Section
 [3.2](#sec:128bitCompressedBounds){reference-type="ref"
reference="sec:128bitCompressedBounds"}).
- **Memory Allocation Algorithms**: Provides an algorithms for
allocating, freeing physically contiguous memory and integrating huge
pages with CHERI's capability-based bounds for enhanced memory
management (Section  [4](#sec:MemoryAllocator){reference-type="ref"
reference="sec:MemoryAllocator"}).
Through comprehensive evaluation, including micro and macro benchmarks,
we demonstrate the allocator's ability to reduce TLB misses by up to
90%, yielding significant improvements in wall clock runtimes for
memory-intensive applications. While its impact on larger,
computation-heavy workloads is less pronounced, the proposed allocator
shows strong potential for advancing memory management in scenarios
requiring high memory throughput by reducing the address translation
overhead.
# Related work {#sec:org0e192da}
## Huge Pages
Increasing TLB reach[@TLBReach] can be achieved by using larger page
sizes, such as huge pages [@panwar_hawkeye_2019], which are common in
modern computer systems. The x86-64 architecture supports huge pages of
2 MB and 1 GB, backed by OS mechanisms like Transparent Huge Pages
(THP) [@THP] and HugeTLBFS in Linux. However, available page sizes in
x86-64 are limited, leading to internal fragmentation issues.
For instance, allocating 1 MB with 4 KB base pages requires 256 PTEs
(Page Table Entries), but using a 2 MB huge page would waste half of the
memory space. Some architectures offer more page size choices, such as
Intel Itanium, which allows different areas of the address space to have
their own page sizes. Itanium uses a hash page table to organize huge
pages, but without significant changes to the conventional page table,
it only helps reduce page walk overheads. Huge page tunable base page
size permits the OS to adjust the base page size, but still faces
internal fragmentation problems, with huge page recommending a base page
size of no more than 16 KB. Shadow Superpage [@Shadow_superpages]
introduces a new translation level in the memory controller to merge
non-contiguous physical pages into a huge page in a shadow memory space,
extending TLB coverage. However, this approach requires all memory
traffic to be translated again in the memory controller, resulting in
additional latency for memory accesses.
## Direct Segment
Early processors often used segments to manage virtual memory, where a
segment [@DirectSegment] essentially mapped contiguous virtual memory to
contiguous physical memory. Unlike pages, which are relatively small,
segments can be much larger, offering the potential for more efficient
memory management in certain scenarios. This concept of segmentation has
seen a resurgence in some modern approaches that aim to enhance
translation coverage by designating specific areas in the virtual
address space.
This method allows programmers to explicitly define a single segment for
applications requiring significant memory. It introduces two new
registers to the system, which indicate the start and end of this
segment. Virtual addresses within this segment are translated by
calculating the offset from the virtual start address and applying this
offset to the physical start address. This straightforward method
simplifies the translation process for large memory areas but requires
significant modifications to the source code of applications.
## Redundant Memory Mapping (RMM)
Redundant Memory Mappings (RMM) [@karakostas_redundant_2015] enhance
memory management by introducing an additional range table that
pre-allocates contiguous physical pages for large memory allocations,
creating ranges that are both virtually and physically contiguous. This
approach simplifies address translation within these ranges by adding an
offset, similar to Direct Segment, but RMM supports multiple ranges and
operates transparently to programmers, requiring no source code
modifications. The range table, separate from the conventional page
table, holds the mappings for these large allocations. To determine
which range an address belongs to, RMM compares the address against all
range boundaries, a process that is computationally expensive and
therefore performed only after an L1 TLB miss. To optimize this, RMM
uses a range TLB (RTLB) to quickly identify if an address falls within
any pre-allocated range, facilitating efficient translation and reducing
overhead. Range mapping works alongside the paging system by generating
TLB entries on TLB misses and still performing TLB lookups for each
virtual address translation. Unlike traditional segmentation mechanisms,
range mapping activates a range lookaside buffer (RTLB) located with the
last level TLB upon a miss. The hardware TLB miss handler then searches
the RTLB for the miss address and, if found, generates a new TLB entry
with the physical address derived from the base virtual address and
range offset, along with permission bits. If the RTLB also misses, the
system defaults to a standard page walk while a range table walker
simultaneously loads the range into the RTLB in the background, avoiding
delays in memory operations. The RTLB, functioning as a fully
associative search structure, ensures that most last level TLB misses
are handled efficiently by range mapping, reducing the need for costly
page table walks.
## CHERI {#sec:orgbf2eaac}
CHERI extends conventional processor Instruction-Set Architectures
(ISAs) with architectural capabilities to enable fine-grained memory
protection and highly scalable software compartmentalization. It is a
hybrid capability architecture that can combine capabilities with
conventional MMU (Memory Management Unit) based systems. The
contributions of CHERI include ISA changes to introduce architectural
capabilities; a new microarchitecture that demonstrates capabilities can
be implemented efficiently in hardware, with support for efficient
tagged memory to protect capabilities and compress them to reduce memory
overhead; a newly designed software construction model that uses
capabilities to provide fine-grained memory protection and scalable
software compartmentalization; language and compiler extensions for
using capabilities with C and C++; and OS extensions to support
fine-grained memory protection (including spatial, referential, and
non-stack temporal memory safety) and abstraction extensions for
scalable software compartmentalization.
## CHERI CC
CHERI Concentrate: Practical Compressed
Capabilities[@woodruff_cheri_2019] introduces a compression scheme for
CHERI, aiming to address the performance and compatibility challenges
associated with capability pointers. Capability pointers enhance memory
safety by embedding bounds and permissions directly within pointers, but
traditional implementations double their size---leading to increased
memory usage. CHERI CC proposes a compression strategy that preserves
security while reducing size and inefficiencies. Key contributions
include a floating-point bounds encoding technique with an internal
exponent mechanism that offers greater precision for smaller objects and
optimized space usage for larger ones.
# Fat Address Translations {#sec:FatPointerTranslations}
Fat Address Translations (FAT) uses the CHERI architecture to bring
about block based allocations in physically contiguous memory. FAT
leverages techniques like FlexPointer [@chen_flexpointer_2023] and
RMM [@karakostas_redundant_2015] to reduce pressure on the TLB. A key
component in this implementation is the use of range addresses with
CHERI CC [@woodruff_cheri_2019].
![High overview
architecture](diagram/HighOverviewArchitecture.drawio.png){#fig:HighOverviewArchitecture
width="60%"}
Figure [1](#fig:HighOverviewArchitecture){reference-type="ref"
reference="fig:HighOverviewArchitecture"} illustrates a comparison
between standard memory allocation (*malloc()*) and a proposed FAT
method. The standard approach involves a C program interacting with a
custom allocator which uses 48-bit virtual addresses and a TLB walker
(L1, L2 and L3 cache) to achieve non-contiguous allocation in physical
memory. This typically results in more TLB entries and increased TLB
misses increasing the reasoning to have more TLB walks. In contrast, the
FAT Address Translations method employs a custom allocator leveraging
physically contiguous memory by using CHERI to encode bounds within the
pointers and as shown in the figure
[1](#fig:HighOverviewArchitecture){reference-type="ref"
reference="fig:HighOverviewArchitecture"} there is almost no reliance on
walking the TLB hierarchy.
## Encoding Ranges as Bounds to the Pointer {#sec:RangeMemory}
![Range of memory](diagram/AllocationOverview24.png){#fig:RangeOfMemory
width="40%"}
A memory range in FAT has two points to track memory in physical
contiguous space which is the top and bottom. These two points are two
virtual addresses and the range consists of addresses which lie within
this and refers to addresses allocated by invoking *malloc*. In FAT
memory ranges are established using bounds encoded within the pointer,
adhering to CHERI CC [@woodruff_cheri_2019].
Figure [2](#fig:RangeOfMemory){reference-type="ref"
reference="fig:RangeOfMemory"} illustrates a straightforward use-case in
which the dark pink line represents a single, large contiguous memory
area, or huge page. Within this huge page, the orange and blue lines
indicate two separate memory allocations equivalent to invoking *malloc*
twice to allocate memory in distinct regions. This scenario simulates a
block-based memory allocator operating within the confines of the huge
page. The allocations use the bounds encoded in the FAT, ensuring
tracking of the allocated memory regions. By using the CHERI bounds,
this method maintains the contiguity of the allocated blocks within the
huge page.
## 128 bit compressed bounds {#sec:128bitCompressedBounds}
We use CHERI CC [@woodruff_cheri_2019] to track regions of memory in
physically contiguous space. CHERI CC consists of compressed bounds that
represent a 128-bit pointer within a 64-bit virtual address system. Our
approach uses the work of CHERI CC by using a single cycle to decode
bounds from the capability register and the bounds which are decoded are
repurposed for tracking memory which is eagerly allocated.
Allocators like Jemalloc typically allocate objects under 512 bytes.
When an object's bounds cannot be precisely represented, padding is
required to ensure memory safety. However, it has been observed that
Jemalloc rarely needs more than 6 bits to store the exponent values
within compressed bounds (as shown in [@woodruff_cheri_2019]). This
means that the default behavior of allocators such as Jemalloc, would
allow precise representation of bounds within CHERI CC.
Instead of relying on fixed-size TLB entries with set page sizes (such
as 4KB, 2MB, or 1GB), FAT uses CHERI CC to define dynamic bounds based
on the size requested at allocation time (e.g., during a *malloc* call).
This approach offers a more flexible alternative to the traditional
fixed-size TLB model.
## Instrumenting Block-Based Allocators with Physically Contiguous Memory
![FAT Address Translations using huge
pages](diagram/TLBAccess.drawio.png){#fig:HugePages width="40%"}
We are able to pre-allocate memory using huge pages and are able to mark
smaller allocations using ranges by storing them as bounds within the
pointer. Each of these memory ranges can be called as a block. Since we
have numerous blocks inside a huge page we allow block based memory
patters within physically contiguous memory.
Figure [3](#fig:HugePages){reference-type="ref"
reference="fig:HugePages"} illustrates a use-case of huge pages where
the green line represents a sample access to read within a contigous
space of physical memory. The dotted lines represents the bounds for
that particular pointer access. Using bounds stored on the pointer a
block based pattern can be replicated on physically contigous memory.
# Memory allocator design {#sec:MemoryAllocator}
This section presents a straightforward memory allocator designed and
implemented based on the principles outlined FAT (Section
 [3](#sec:FatPointerTranslations){reference-type="ref"
reference="sec:FatPointerTranslations"}). The allocator consists of
three core functions: *InitAlloc*, *malloc*, and *free*. The *InitAlloc*
function initializes the memory pool, setting up the necessary data
structures and metadata required for efficient memory management. The
*malloc* function is responsible for allocating a contiguous block of
memory of a specified size, while the *free* function deallocates the
memory, returning it to the pool for future use.
:::: algorithm
::: algorithmic
$sz \gets \text{ALIGN\_UP}(sz, \text{MAX\_ALIGNMENT})$
$\text{MallocCounter} \gets \text{MallocCounter} - sz$
$\text{ptrLink} \gets \&\text{ptr}[\text{MallocCounter}]$
$\text{ptrLink} \gets \text{SET\_BOUNDS}(\text{ptrLink}, sz)$
$\text{ptrLink}$
:::
::::
When the *malloc* function (Algorithm
[\[alg:malloc\]](#alg:malloc){reference-type="ref"
reference="alg:malloc"}) is invoked, the algorithm employs an eager
allocation strategy for physical memory. This is achieved through the
use of the SetBounds mechanism, which constructs a FAT specialized
pointer that encodes both the start and end addresses of the allocated
memory region within the pointer itself. The start and end addresses
correspond to the size of the memory block requested by *malloc*. This
approach introduces a method of memory tracking, where the bounds of the
allocated region are explicitly encoded in the address, enabling
efficient monitoring and management of memory usage.
Furthermore, this design uses shared huge page TLB entries to map and
track memory addresses. By encoding bounds directly into the address,
the algorithm ensures that memory accesses remain within the allocated
region, thereby reducing the risk of out-of-bounds errors. This use of
FAT and shared TLB entries not only aligns with the principles of
efficient memory management but also demonstrates a practical usecase of
huge pages in CHERI.
:::: algorithm
::: algorithmic
$\text{len} \gets \text{GET\_LENGTH}(\text{ptr})$
$\text{UNMAP}(\text{ptr}, \text{len})$
:::
::::
The memory deallocation (Algorithm
[\[alg:free\]](#alg:free){reference-type="ref" reference="alg:free"})
mechanism in the proposed allocator is facilitated by the FAT structure
introduced in the *malloc* algorithm. When the *free* function is
invoked, it uses the metadata embedded within the FAT to determine the
range and size of the allocated memory region. Specifically, FAT encodes
the start and end addresses of each allocation, providing the
information needed to identify the memory block to be deallocated. This
enables the allocator to accurately unmap the corresponding memory
region from the address space.
By extracting the bounds and size directly from FAT, the *free* function
eliminates the need for additional metadata lookups or complex data
structures.
:::: algorithm
::: algorithmic
$\text{sz} \gets 1\ \text{GB}$
$\text{fd} \gets \text{CREATE\_LARGE\_PAGE\_MEMORY}(\text{sz})$
$\text{ptr} \gets \text{MAP\_MEMORY}(\text{sz})$
$\text{MallocCounter} \gets \text{sz}$
:::
::::
Algorithm [\[alg:initAlloc\]](#alg:initAlloc){reference-type="ref"
reference="alg:initAlloc"} describes the initialization of physically
contiguous memory through the use of huge pages, a mechanism supported
by modern architectures to optimize memory management. The algorithm
begins by allocating a fixed block of 1 GB of physically contiguous
memory. This decision is driven by the architectural constraints of
contemporary systems, particularly ARM-based CPUs, where 1 GB represents
the largest supported page size. By leveraging huge pages, the algorithm
reduces the overhead associated with page table management and enhances
memory access efficiency, which is critical for performance-sensitive
applications and kernel-level operations.
# Evaluation {#sec:Evaluation}
We conducted tests of the FAT memory allocator against
Jemalloc [@jemalloc], Jemalloc is the default memory allocator for
CHERIBSD [@cheribsd], to assess the performance improvements enabled by
the FAT allocator. Specifically, we evaluated the reduction in TLB walks
and misses and its impact on wall clock runtime.
To comprehensively analyze the proposed allocator, we categorized
benchmarks into two classes which are micro and macro benchmarks. Micro
benchmarks comprise smaller C programs designed to target specific
allocator patterns, enabling us to evaluate detailed aspects of the
allocator's behavior. Macro benchmarks, on the other hand, encompass
larger, real-world C programs, allowing us to assess the allocator's
performance in more practical, real-world scenarios.
## Experiment setup {#sec:Experiment}
The CHERI Morello [@Morello] board was used to evaluate the proposed
memory allocator. Morello implements the ARM A76 with enhanced
server-class memory, featuring a quad-core ARM CPU with capability
extensions. The L1 and L2 caches were modified to proliferate the
capability bit, ensuring compatibility with CHERI's capability-based
memory model. When compiling the C programs for benchmarking, the
Benchmark ABI was used as recommended by the CHERI community. This
compilation mode was enabled using the Clang compiler.
The Benchmark ABI [@BenchmarkABI] was specifically designed because the
Morello branch predictor was not expanded to predict bounds.
Consequently, a capability-based jump introduces stalls in later
PCC-dependent instructions until bounds are established. This issue is
particularly significant during dynamically linked calls and returns
between libraries, where bounds are changed to cover the called or
returned-to library. Such stalls can negatively affect performance,
making the Benchmark ABI an essential consideration for this evaluation.
Each C program was executed using two different memory allocators. The
first was the modified C allocator, imported as a header file. This
approach was necessary because the Benchmark ABI shared object file
exhibited unexpected behavior, failing to overwrite the C program at
runtime with the intended *malloc* functions. The second allocator was
the standard OS memory allocator, which, in the case of CHERIBSD, is
Jemalloc.
Performance measurements were carried out using ARM performance
counters [@PerformanceCounter] to ensure accurate evaluation. These
counters provided detailed metrics, allowing us to compare the
performance of the two allocators and assess the impact of the proposed
changes.
::: table*
Performance counter Description
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
Wall clock The actual time taken from the start of a
computer program to the end.
(p/l1d_tlb_rd) L1 data TLB reads Level 1 data TLB access, read
(p/l2d_tlb_rd) L2 data TLB reads Level 2 data TLB access, read
(p/l1d_tlb_refill) L1 data TLB refills Level 1 data TLB refill.
The Level 1 data TLB refill
counter tracks each access to
the L1D_TLB that results
in a refill of the Level 1 data
or unified TLB. This includes any
access that requires a memory lookup
due to a translation table walk
or accessing another level of TLB cache.
(p/cpu_cycles) CPU cycles The CPU CYCLES counter increases with
every clock cycle. However, it can be
affected by changes in clock frequency,
such as when WFI (Wait for Interrupt)
or WFE (Wait for Event)
instructions pause the clock.
(p/dtlb_walk) Data TLB walks Data TLB access with at least
one translation table walk.
(p/ll_cache_miss_rd) Last level cache miss reads Last level cache miss, read
(This refers to every miss in the
Last level cache that occurs
during a memory read operation.)
:::
## Benchmarks
The benchmarks [@Benchmark] are classified into 2 classes:
### Micro benchmark
We further elaborated on the two classes of benchmarks executed. Micro
benchmarks (Section [\[sec:Micro\]](#sec:Micro){reference-type="ref"
reference="sec:Micro"}). focused on particular allocation and
deallocation patterns, such as sequential and random memory accesses, to
stress-test the allocator under controlled conditions. Macro benchmarks
involved real-world applications, offering insights into how the
allocator performs with complex memory allocation demands, large
datasets, and varying execution contexts. []{#sec:Micro
label="sec:Micro"}
- `GLIBC`: The Glibc benchmark evaluates the performance of *malloc* and
*free* functions in single-threaded, multi-threaded, and emulated
multi-threading scenarios using various block sizes and allocation
patterns. It simulates real-world memory usage by partially
deallocating blocks in FIFO order and fully deallocating them in LIFO
order. Results are gathered across configurations to analyze
performance variations.
- `MemAccess`: This benchmark by Alex Bordei evaluates the performance
impact of memory access patterns by constructing and traversing a
doubly linked list with varying working set sizes. It supports
sequential or randomized structures, optional node operations, and
multithreaded traversal using pthreads. The program dynamically
allocates memory and systematically doubles the working set size to
analyze memory hierarchy behavior.
### Macro benchmark {#sec:Macro}
- `Kmeans`: Kmeans implements a parallelized K-means clustering
algorithm that assigns data points to clusters based on proximity to
centroids, iteratively updating them until convergence. The
computation is distributed across threads using the pthread library,
dynamically assigning tasks to optimize performance. Parameters like
data size and clusters are configurable, and the program ensures
efficient memory management and synchronization.
- `Richards`: Richards is a task scheduling benchmark that simulates a
multitasking environment with tasks of varying types and priorities,
communicating through queued packets. The schedule function manages
task execution based on state and priority, tracking processed packets
and held tasks for performance evaluation. Configurable iterations and
timing help measure system performance and ensure correctness.
- `BARNES`: Implements the Barnes-Hut algorithm to efficiently simulate
the interactions within an $N$-body system. A comprehensive overview
of the Barnes-Hut method is provided by Singh in his doctoral
dissertation  [@singh1993]. The implementation we benchmark extends
the original method by permitting multiple particles to be stored
within each leaf cell of the spatial decomposition, enhancing
performance and scalability. This extension is described by Holt and
Singh  [@holt1995].
## Results {#sec:Results}
![[]{#fig:bargraph label="fig:bargraph"}Percentage difference between
the modified memory allocator against the default system memory
allocator](diagram/bargraph.png){#fig:bargraph width=".9\\linewidth"}
The graph (Figure [4](#fig:bargraph){reference-type="ref"
reference="fig:bargraph"}) highlights the performance comparison between
the modified memory allocator and Jemalloc, the default memory
allocator. The FAT memory allocator, specifically optimized for use with
huge pages, demonstrates a clear advantage in scenarios where memory
allocation patterns benefit from its design. The results align with
expectations, showcasing the impact of its capability to handle memory
more efficiently by leveraging huge pages.
- L1 DTLB reads: There was noticeable reduction of L1 DTLB reads for
kmeans of about an average of 4% lesser and for Glibc there was
significant reduction of 50% lesser than Jemalloc.
- L2 DTLB reads: For all the benchmarks on figure
[4](#fig:bargraph){reference-type="ref" reference="fig:bargraph"}
there was on average 98% reduction on L2 DTLB reads. This demonstrates
that all the TLB translations are read at the L1 TLB cache.
- DTLB walks: Due to most of the TLB entries getting hit at the L1 DTLB
there is no need to walk the TLB cache hierarchy. This is shown by an
average of 99% reduction in DTLB walks.
- L1 DTLB refills: Since there are fewer DTLB walks and most reads are
done at the L1 DTLB layer there is no need for numerous TLB refills to
take place. Our benchmarks show on average a 99% reduction on DTLB
refills.
A particularly striking observation is the significant reduction in data
TLB walks, L2 data TLB reads, and TLB refills---consistently showing a
90% decrease across all benchmarks compared to Jemalloc. This
improvement is due to the modified allocator's use of a single huge page
entry at the L1 TLB layer. By enabling most address translations to be
resolved directly at the L1 TLB, the need to walk through the deeper TLB
hierarchy is largely eliminated. This reduction in translation overhead
is a key factor in the allocator's performance for certain types of
workloads.
The micro benchmarks, which are crafted to emphasize memory read
operations, highlight the allocator's strengths. These tests simulate
frequent and intensive memory access patterns, where the reduction in
TLB misses directly translates into measurable performance gains. On
average, the FAT allocator achieves a 50% reduction in wall clock
runtimes for these workloads, underscoring its ability to optimize
high-throughput memory operations.
On the other hand, macro benchmarks, which represent larger and more
complex real-world applications, exhibit minimal differences in wall
clock runtimes when using the FAT allocator. This outcome is expected,
as macro benchmarks typically involve a broader range of operations
beyond memory allocation, diluting the impact of the allocator's
optimizations. Additionally, the benefits of huge pages may be less
pronounced for these workloads, as they are often bottlenecked by
factors such as computation or I/O rather than memory translation
overhead.
![[]{#fig:org8683315 label="fig:org8683315"}Kmeans COZ benchmark
executed against various cluster
sizes](./diagram/kmeans.png){#fig:org8683315 width="110%"}
The K-means algorithm was executed with varying cluster sizes to
evaluate the performance difference between the FAT allocator and
Jemalloc as the workload scales. This analysis aims to understand how
the allocator's optimizations, particularly its ability to manage memory
more efficiently with huge pages, impact performance under different
workload conditions.
For most cluster sizes tested, the percentage difference in performance
remained relatively consistent. This indicates that the allocator's
efficiency scales predictably with increasing workload sizes, suggesting
a stable and uniform benefit across different configurations. The
consistent performance gain is likely due to the allocator's ability to
minimize TLB misses and efficiently manage memory allocations for the
centroid and data point structures used in the K-means algorithm.
However, an anomaly was observed at a cluster size of 2000, where the
percentage difference deviated significantly from the trend. At this
cluster size, the memory access patterns and allocation behavior may
align in a way that temporarily offsets the advantages of the FAT
allocator. For example, the memory layout might interact with
system-level caching mechanisms or TLB behavior differently, leading to
an unexpected change in performance. Additionally, the increased
complexity of managing a higher number of clusters might introduce
computational overhead that overshadows the memory allocator's
optimizations.
## Analysis {#sec:Analysis}
The FAT memory allocator demonstrates significant potential for
enhancing memory management in systems that benefit from huge page
optimizations. Its design effectively reduces TLB misses, achieving up
to 90% fewer data TLB walks, L2 TLB reads, and TLB refills compared to
Jemalloc. These improvements lead to noticeable performance gains,
especially in micro benchmarks, where the allocator reduces wall clock
runtimes by an average of 50%.
The allocator integrates seamlessly into memory-intensive workloads, as
evidenced by its consistent performance across varying cluster sizes in
the K-means benchmark, with only minor anomalies observed under specific
conditions. These outliers provide valuable insights into the
allocator's interaction with system-level caching and memory translation
mechanisms.
While the allocator excels in scenarios emphasizing high memory
throughput, its impact on macro benchmarks is less pronounced. This
suggests that its benefits are most relevant for applications with
frequent and intensive memory operations rather than those constrained
by computation or I/O bottlenecks.
# Conclusion
This paper addresses the growing disparity between application workloads
and the capacity of TLBs. To mitigate this gap, we proposed leveraging
physically contiguous memory with CHERI bounds to reduce TLB walks. We
designed a memory allocator which uses huge pages with CHERI CC scheme
to track allocations within the allocated huge page. This approach
reduces the number of TLB entries needed while using bounds to minimize
fragmentation.\
The benchmarks demonstrate that the allocator reduces TLB misses by up
to 90%, leading to substantial performance gains in memory-intensive
workloads, though the improvements are less pronounced for larger,
computation-heavy applications. These results highlight the allocator's
potential to advance memory management by repurposing CHERI's
capability-based model with the use of huge pages.

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author = {Lustig, Daniel and Bhattacharjee, Abhishek and Martonosi, Margaret},
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year = {2013},
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publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
issn = {1544-3566},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2445572.2445574},
doi = {10.1145/2445572.2445574},
abstract = {Translation Lookaside Buffers (TLBs) are critical to overall system performance. Much past research has addressed uniprocessor TLBs, lowering access times and miss rates. However, as Chip MultiProcessors (CMPs) become ubiquitous, TLB design and performance must be reevaluated. Our article begins by performing a thorough TLB performance evaluation of sequential and parallel benchmarks running on a real-world, modern CMP system using hardware performance counters. This analysis demonstrates the need for further improvement of TLB hit rates for both classes of application, and it also points out that the data TLB has a significantly higher miss rate than the instruction TLB in both cases.In response to the characterization data, we propose and evaluate both Inter-Core Cooperative (ICC) TLB prefetchers and Shared Last-Level (SLL) TLBs as alternatives to the commercial norm of private, per-core L2 TLBs. ICC prefetchers eliminate 19\% to 90\% of Data TLB (D-TLB) misses across parallel workloads while requiring only modest changes in hardware. SLL TLBs eliminate 7\% to 79\% of D-TLB misses for parallel workloads and 35\% to 95\% of D-TLB misses for multiprogrammed sequential workloads. This corresponds to 27\% and 21\% increases in hit rates as compared to private, per-core L2 TLBs, respectively, and is achieved this using even more modest hardware requirements.Because of their benefits for parallel applications, their applicability to sequential workloads, and their readily implementable hardware, SLL TLBs and ICC TLB prefetchers hold great promise for CMPs.},
journal = {ACM Trans. Archit. Code Optim.},
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articleno = {2},
numpages = {38},
keywords = {TLB prefetching, Translation lookaside buffer, performance evaluation, shared last-level TLB, simulation}
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keywords = {Superpage, Shadow memory, Subblock TLB, Translation lookaside buffer},
abstract = {While superpages are an efficient solution to increase TLB reach, strong requirements for using superpages hinder the actual utilization. Two previous solutions, the partial-subblock TLB and the shadow memory were proposed to release the requirements. The partial-subblock TLB releases only a small portion of the requirements. The shadow memory releases most of the requirements but introduces other serious problems. We propose a hybrid scheme which integrates both the shadow memory and the partial-subblock TLB, thereby enjoying the benefits inherited from both sides. The hybrid scheme has as high a superpage utilization as the shadow memory, and avoids most of the problems in the shadow memory by virtue of the partial-subblock TLB. The experiment shows that the hybrid scheme outperforms the previous schemes though its hardware cost and overhead are considered.}
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author = {Navarro, Juan and Iyer, Sitararn and Druschel, Peter and Cox, Alan},
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year = {2003},
issue_date = {Winter 2002},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
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number = {SI},
issn = {0163-5980},
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doi = {10.1145/844128.844138},
abstract = {Most general-purpose processors provide support for memory pages of large sizes, called superpages. Superpages enable each entry in the translation lookaside buffer (TLB) to map a large physical memory region into a virtual address space. This dramatically increases TLB coverage, reduces TLB misses, and promises performance improvements for many applications. However, supporting superpages poses several challenges to the operating system, in terms of superpage allocation and promotion tradeoffs, fragmentation control, etc. We analyze these issues, and propose the design of an effective superpage management system. We implement it in FreeBSD on the Alpha CPU, and evaluate it on real workloads and benchmarks. We obtain substantial performance benefits, often exceeding 30\%; these benefits are sustained even under stressful workload scenarios.},
journal = {SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev.},
month = dec,
pages = {89–104},
numpages = {16}
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@INPROCEEDINGS{TLBReach,
author={Pham, Binh and Bhattacharjee, Abhishek and Eckert, Yasuko and Loh, Gabriel H.},
booktitle={2014 IEEE 20th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)},
title={Increasing TLB reach by exploiting clustering in page translations},
year={2014},
volume={},
number={},
pages={558-567},
keywords={Virtual private networks;Hardware;Organizations;Benchmark testing;Prefetching;Operating systems},
doi={10.1109/HPCA.2014.6835964}
}
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author = {Basu, Arkaprava and Gandhi, Jayneel and Chang, Jichuan and Hill, Mark D. and Swift, Michael M.},
title = {Efficient virtual memory for big memory servers},
year = {2013},
issue_date = {June 2013},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
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title = {Practical, transparent operating system support for superpages},
abstract = {Most general-purpose processors provide support for memory pages of large sizes, called superpages. Superpages enable each entry in the translation lookaside buffer ({TLB}) to map a large physical memory region into a virtual address space. This dramatically increases {TLB} coverage, reduces {TLB} misses, and promises performance improvements for many applications. However, supporting superpages poses several challenges to the operating system, in terms of superpage allocation and promotion tradeoffs, fragmentation control, etc. We analyze these issues, and propose the design of an effective superpage management system. We implement it in {FreeBSD} on the Alpha {CPU}, and evaluate it on real workloads and benchmarks. We obtain substantial performance benefits, often exceeding 30\%; these benefits are sustained even under stressful workload scenarios.},
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langid = {english},
file = {Navarro - Practical, transparent operating system support fo.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/9RBYAPGM/Navarro - Practical, transparent operating system support fo.pdf:application/pdf},
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location = {Providence {RI} {USA}},
title = {{HawkEye}: Efficient Fine-grained {OS} Support for Huge Pages},
isbn = {978-1-4503-6240-5},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3297858.3304064},
doi = {10.1145/3297858.3304064},
shorttitle = {{HawkEye}},
eventtitle = {{ASPLOS} '19: Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems},
pages = {347--360},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems},
publisher = {{ACM}},
author = {Panwar, Ashish and Bansal, Sorav and Gopinath, K.},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
date = {2019-04-04},
langid = {english},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/VQLCKYCA/Panwar et al. - 2019 - HawkEye Efficient Fine-grained OS Support for Hug.pdf:application/pdf},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3579854},
doi = {10.1145/3579854},
abstract = {Page-based virtual memory relies on TLBs to accelerate the address translation. Nowadays, the gap between application workloads and the capacity of TLB continues to grow, bringing many costly TLB misses and making the TLB a performance bottleneck. Previous studies seek to narrow the gap by exploiting the contiguity of physical pages. One promising solution is to group pages that are both virtually and physically contiguous into a memory range. Recording range translations can greatly increase the TLB reach, but ranges are also hard to index because they have arbitrary bounds. The processor has to compare against all the boundaries to determine which range an address falls in, which restricts the usage of memory ranges. In this article, we propose a tagged-pointer-based scheme, FlexPointer, to solve the range indexing problem. The core insight of FlexPointer is that large memory objects are rare, so we can create memory ranges based on such objects and assign each of them a unique ID. With the range ID integrated into pointers, we can index the range TLB with IDs and greatly simplify its structure. Moreover, because the ID is stored in the unused bits of a pointer and is not manipulated by the address generation, we can shift the range lookup to an earlier stage, working in parallel with the address generation. According to our trace-based simulation results, FlexPointer can reduce nearly all the L1 TLB misses, and page walks for a variety of memory-intensive workloads. Compared with a 4K-page baseline system, FlexPointer shows a 14\% performance improvement on average and up to 2.8x speedup in the best case. For other workloads, FlexPointer shows no performance degradation.},
journal = {ACM Trans. Archit. Code Optim.},
month = mar,
articleno = {30},
numpages = {24},
keywords = {Tagged pointer, TLB reach, address translation}
}
@article{woodruff_cheri_2019,
title = {{CHERI} Concentrate: Practical Compressed Capabilities},
volume = {68},
rights = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/{IEEE}.html},
issn = {0018-9340, 1557-9956, 2326-3814},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8703061/},
doi = {10.1109/TC.2019.2914037},
shorttitle = {{CHERI} Concentrate},
abstract = {We present {CHERI} Concentrate, a new fat-pointer compression scheme applied to {CHERI}, the most developed capability-pointer system at present. Capability fat pointers are a primary candidate to enforce fine-grained and non-bypassable security properties in future computer systems, although increased pointer size can severely affect performance. Thus, several proposals for capability compression have been suggested elsewhere that do not support legacy instruction sets, ignore features critical to the existing software base, and also introduce design inefficiencies to {RISC}-style processor pipelines. {CHERI} Concentrate improves on the state-of-the-art region-encoding efficiency, solves important pipeline problems, and eases semantic restrictions of compressed encoding, allowing it to protect a full legacy software stack. We present the first quantitative analysis of compiled capability code, which we use to guide the design of the encoding format. We analyze and extend logic from the open-source {CHERI} prototype processor design on {FPGA} to demonstrate encoding efficiency, minimize delay of pointer arithmetic, and eliminate additional load-to-use delay. To verify correctness of our proposed high-performance logic, we present a {HOL}4 machine-checked proof of the decode and pointer-modify operations. Finally, we measure a 50\% to 75\% reduction in L2 misses for many compiled C-language benchmarks running under a commodity operating system using compressed 128-bit and 64-bit formats, demonstrating both compatibility with and increased performance over the uncompressed, 256-bit format.},
pages = {1455--1469},
number = {10},
journaltitle = {{IEEE} Transactions on Computers},
shortjournal = {{IEEE} Trans. Comput.},
author = {Woodruff, Jonathan and Joannou, Alexandre and Xia, Hongyan and Fox, Anthony and Norton, Robert M. and Chisnall, David and Davis, Brooks and Gudka, Khilan and Filardo, Nathaniel W. and Markettos, A. Theodore and Roe, Michael and Neumann, Peter G. and Watson, Robert N. M. and Moore, Simon W.},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
date = {2019-10-01},
langid = {english},
file = {Woodruff et al. - 2019 - CHERI Concentrate Practical Compressed Capabiliti.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/3SZUIWQ5/Woodruff et al. - 2019 - CHERI Concentrate Practical Compressed Capabiliti.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@online{noauthor_capability-based_nodate,
title = {Capability-Based Computer Systems},
url = {https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~levy/capabook/},
urldate = {2024-06-07},
file = {Capability-Based Computer Systems:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/IAAG6ZF3/capabook.html:text/html},
}
@article{woodruff_cheri_2014,
title = {The {CHERI} capability model: revisiting {RISC} in an age of risk},
volume = {42},
issn = {0163-5964},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2678373.2665740},
doi = {10.1145/2678373.2665740},
shorttitle = {The {CHERI} capability model},
abstract = {Motivated by contemporary security challenges, we reevaluate and refine capability-based addressing for the {RISC} era. We present {CHERI}, a hybrid capability model that extends the 64-bit {MIPS} {ISA} with byte-granularity memory protection. We demonstrate that {CHERI} enables language memory model enforcement and fault isolation in hardware rather than software, and that the {CHERI} mechanisms are easily adopted by existing programs for efficient in-program memory safety. In contrast to past capability models, {CHERI} complements, rather than replaces, the ubiquitous page-based protection mechanism, providing a migration path towards deconflating data-structure protection and {OS} memory management. Furthermore, {CHERI} adheres to a strict {RISC} philosophy: it maintains a load-store architecture and requires only singlecycle instructions, and supplies protection primitives to the compiler, language runtime, and operating system. We demonstrate a mature {FPGA} implementation that runs the {FreeBSD} operating system with a full range of software and an open-source application suite compiled with an extended {LLVM} to use {CHERI} memory protection. A limit study compares published memory safety mechanisms in terms of instruction count and memory overheads. The study illustrates that {CHERI} is performance-competitive even while providing assurance and greater flexibility with simpler hardware},
pages = {457--468},
number = {3},
journaltitle = {{ACM} {SIGARCH} Computer Architecture News},
shortjournal = {{SIGARCH} Comput. Archit. News},
author = {Woodruff, Jonathan and Watson, Robert N.M. and Chisnall, David and Moore, Simon W. and Anderson, Jonathan and Davis, Brooks and Laurie, Ben and Neumann, Peter G. and Norton, Robert and Roe, Michael},
urldate = {2024-06-07},
date = {2014-06-14},
}
@article{miller_towards_nodate,
title = {Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and Concurrency Control},
author = {Miller, Mark Samuel},
langid = {english},
file = {Miller - Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and Co.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/7METVAKG/Miller - Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and Co.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{curtsinger_coz_2015,
title = {Coz: Finding Code that Counts with Causal Profiling},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03676},
doi = {10.1145/2815400.2815409},
shorttitle = {Coz},
abstract = {Improving performance is a central concern for software developers. To locate optimization opportunities, developers rely on software profilers. However, these profilers only report where programs spent their time: optimizing that code may have no impact on performance. Past profilers thus both waste developer time and make it difficult for them to uncover significant optimization opportunities.},
pages = {184--197},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles},
author = {Curtsinger, Charlie and Berger, Emery D.},
urldate = {2024-06-07},
date = {2015-10-04},
langid = {english},
eprinttype = {arxiv},
eprint = {1608.03676 [cs]},
keywords = {C.4, Computer Science - Performance, D.4.8},
file = {Curtsinger and Berger - 2015 - Coz Finding Code that Counts with Causal Profilin.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/QTFQXVHE/Curtsinger and Berger - 2015 - Coz Finding Code that Counts with Causal Profilin.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@online{noauthor_benchmark_nodate,
title = {Benchmark {ABI} - {CheriBSD} 23.11 new features tutorial},
url = {https://www.cheribsd.org/tutorial/23.11/benchmark/index.html},
howpublished = "\url{https://www.cheribsd.org/tutorial/23.11/benchmark/index.html}",
urldate = {2024-06-07},
file = {Benchmark ABI - CheriBSD 23.11 new features tutorial:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/9BDKUW28/index.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{zhu_research_2018,
location = {Taipei, Taiwan},
title = {Research and Implementation of High Performance Traffic Processing Based on Intel {DPDK}},
isbn = {978-1-5386-9403-9},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8701793/},
doi = {10.1109/PAAP.2018.00018},
eventtitle = {2018 9th International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Programming ({PAAP})},
pages = {62--68},
booktitle = {2018 9th International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Programming ({PAAP})},
publisher = {{IEEE}},
author = {Zhu, Wenjun and Li, Peng and Luo, Baozhou and Xu, He and Zhang, Yujie},
urldate = {2024-06-07},
date = {2018-12},
}
@article{bi_dpdk-based_2016,
title = {{DPDK}-based Improvement of Packet Forwarding},
volume = {7},
rights = {© Owned by the authors, published by {EDP} Sciences, 2016},
issn = {2271-2097},
url = {https://www.itm-conferences.org/articles/itmconf/abs/2016/02/itmconf_ita2016_01009/itmconf_ita2016_01009.html},
doi = {10.1051/itmconf/20160701009},
abstract = {Reel-time processing of packets occupies a significant position in the field of computer network security. With theexplosive growth of the backbone link rate,which is consistent with Gilder's law, many bottlenecks of server performance leave the real-time data stream unprocessed.Thus, we proposedto take use of {DPDK}(Data Plan Development Kit) framework to achieve an intelligent {NIC} packet forwarding system. During this research, we deeply analysis the forwarding process of packet in {DPDK} and improve its {DMA} mode.According to the results of experiment, the system greatly enhanced the performance of packet forwarding,and the throughput of forwarding 64-byet or random-length packets by 20Gbit {NIC} reaches13.3Gbps and 18.7Gbps(dual ports forwarding).},
pages = {01009},
journaltitle = {{ITM} Web of Conferences},
shortjournal = {{ITM} Web Conf.},
author = {Bi, Hao and Wang, Zhao-Hun},
urldate = {2024-06-07},
date = {2016},
langid = {english},
note = {Publisher: {EDP} Sciences},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/LEVMJ983/Bi and Wang - 2016 - DPDK-based Improvement of Packet Forwarding.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{esswood_cherios_nodate,
title = {{CheriOS}: designing an untrusted single-address-space capability operating system utilising capability hardware and a minimal hypervisor},
author = {Esswood, Lawrence G},
langid = {english},
file = {Esswood - CheriOS designing an untrusted single-address-spa.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/YGIBFTD5/Esswood - CheriOS designing an untrusted single-address-spa.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{wilkes_cambridge_1979,
location = {New York},
title = {The Cambridge {CAP} computer and its operating system},
isbn = {978-0-444-00357-7 978-0-444-00358-4},
series = {The computer science library operating and programming systems series},
pagetotal = {165},
number = {6},
publisher = {North Holland},
author = {Wilkes, Maurice V. and Needham, Roger M.},
date = {1979},
langid = {english},
file = {Wilkes and Needham - 1979 - The Cambridge CAP computer and its operating syste.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/VIQTWZS3/Wilkes and Needham - 1979 - The Cambridge CAP computer and its operating syste.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{fillo_mmachine_nodate,
title = {The M–Machine Multicomputer},
author = {Fillo, Marco and Keckler, Stephen W and Dally, William J and Carter, Nicholas P and Chang, Andrew and Gurevich, Yevgeny and Lee, Whay S},
langid = {english},
file = {Fillo et al. - The M–Machine Multicomputer.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/LD95UQTM/Fillo et al. - The M–Machine Multicomputer.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{kwon_low-fat_2013,
location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}},
title = {Low-fat pointers: compact encoding and efficient gate-level implementation of fat pointers for spatial safety and capability-based security},
isbn = {978-1-4503-2477-9},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2508859.2516713},
doi = {10.1145/2508859.2516713},
series = {{CCS} '13},
shorttitle = {Low-fat pointers},
abstract = {Referencing outside the bounds of an array or buffer is a common source of bugs and security vulnerabilities in today's software. We can enforce spatial safety and eliminate these violations by inseparably associating bounds with every pointer (fat pointer) and checking these bounds on every memory access. By further adding hardware-managed tags to the pointer, we make them unforgeable. This, in turn, allows the pointers to be used as capabilities to facilitate fine-grained access control and fast security domain crossing. Dedicated checking hardware runs in parallel with the processor's normal datapath so that the checks do not slow down processor operation (0\% runtime overhead). To achieve the safety of fat pointers without increasing program state, we compactly encode approximate base and bound pointers along with exact address pointers for a 46b address space into one 64-bit word with a worst-case memory overhead of 3\%. We develop gate-level implementations of the logic for updating and validating these compact fat pointers and show that the hardware requirements are low and the critical paths for common operations are smaller than processor {ALU} operations. Specifically, we show that the fat-pointer check and update operations can run in a 4 ns clock cycle on a Virtex 6 (40nm) implementation while only using 1100 6-{LUTs} or about the area of a double-precision, floating-point adder.},
pages = {721--732},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 {ACM} {SIGSAC} conference on Computer \& communications security},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Kwon, Albert and Dhawan, Udit and Smith, Jonathan M. and Knight, Thomas F. and {DeHon}, Andre},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
date = {2013-11-04},
keywords = {capabilities, fat pointer, memory safety, processor, security, spatial confinement},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/CVVZYZS4/Kwon et al. - 2013 - Low-fat pointers compact encoding and efficient g.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{wulf_hydra_1974,
title = {{HYDRA}: the kernel of a multiprocessor operating system},
volume = {17},
issn = {0001-0782, 1557-7317},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/355616.364017},
doi = {10.1145/355616.364017},
shorttitle = {{HYDRA}},
abstract = {This paper describes the design philosophy of {HYDRA}—the kernel of an operating system for C.mmp, the Carnegie-Mellon Multi-Mini-Processor. This philosophy is realized through the introduction of a generalized notion of “resource,” both physical and virtual, called an “object.” Mechanisms are presented for dealing with objects, including the creation of new types, specification of new operations applicable to a given type, sharing, and protection of any reference to a given object against improper application of any of the operations defined with respect to that type of object. The mechanisms provide a coherent basis for extension of the system in two directions: the introduction of new facilities, and the creation of highly secure systems.},
pages = {337--345},
number = {6},
journaltitle = {Communications of the {ACM}},
shortjournal = {Commun. {ACM}},
author = {Wulf, W. and Cohen, E. and Corwin, W. and Jones, A. and Levin, R. and Pierson, C. and Pollack, F.},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
date = {1974-06},
langid = {english},
file = {Full Text:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/EIRBNTVF/Wulf et al. - 1974 - HYDRA the kernel of a multiprocessor operating sy.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{hardy_keykos_1985,
title = {{KeyKOS} architecture},
volume = {19},
issn = {0163-5980},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/858336.858337},
doi = {10.1145/858336.858337},
pages = {8--25},
number = {4},
journaltitle = {{ACM} {SIGOPS} Operating Systems Review},
shortjournal = {{SIGOPS} Oper. Syst. Rev.},
author = {Hardy, Norman},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
date = {1985-10-01},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/QSYKM6QN/Hardy - 1985 - KeyKOS architecture.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{rashid_mach_nodate,
title = {Mach: A System Software Kernel},
abstract = {The Mach operating system can be used as a system software kernel which can support a variety of operating system environments. Key elements of the Mach design which allow it to efficiently support system software include integrated virtual memory management and interprocess communication, multiple threads of control within one address space, support for transparent system trap callout and an object programming facility integrated with the Mach {IPC} mechanisms. Mach is currently available both from {CMU} and commercially on a wide range of uniprocessor and multiprocessor hardware.},
author = {Rashid, Richard and Julin, Daniel and Orr, Douglas and Sanzi, Richard and Baron, Robert and Forin, Alessandro and Golub, David and Jones, Michael},
langid = {english},
file = {Rashid et al. - Mach A System Software Kernel.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/UHLILYH9/Rashid et al. - Mach A System Software Kernel.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{baumann_multikernel_2009,
location = {Big Sky Montana {USA}},
title = {The multikernel: a new {OS} architecture for scalable multicore systems},
isbn = {978-1-60558-752-3},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1629575.1629579},
doi = {10.1145/1629575.1629579},
shorttitle = {The multikernel},
abstract = {Commodity computer systems contain more and more processor cores and exhibit increasingly diverse architectural tradeoffs, including memory hierarchies, interconnects, instruction sets and variants, and {IO} configurations. Previous high-performance computing systems have scaled in specific cases, but the dynamic nature of modern client and server workloads, coupled with the impossibility of statically optimizing an {OS} for all workloads and hardware variants pose serious challenges for operating system structures.},
eventtitle = {{SOSP}09: {ACM} {SIGOPS} 22nd Symposium on Operating Systems Principles},
pages = {29--44},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGOPS} 22nd symposium on Operating systems principles},
publisher = {{ACM}},
author = {Baumann, Andrew and Barham, Paul and Dagand, Pierre-Evariste and Harris, Tim and Isaacs, Rebecca and Peter, Simon and Roscoe, Timothy and Schüpbach, Adrian and Singhania, Akhilesh},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
date = {2009-10-11},
langid = {english},
file = {Baumann et al. - 2009 - The multikernel a new OS architecture for scalabl.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/4BVCRZN6/Baumann et al. - 2009 - The multikernel a new OS architecture for scalabl.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{watson_capsicum_nodate,
title = {Capsicum: practical capabilities for {UNIX}},
abstract = {Capsicum is a lightweight operating system capability and sandbox framework planned for inclusion in {FreeBSD} 9. Capsicum extends, rather than replaces, {UNIX} {APIs}, providing new kernel primitives (sandboxed capability mode and capabilities) and a userspace sandbox {API}. These tools support compartmentalisation of monolithic {UNIX} applications into logical applications, an increasingly common goal supported poorly by discretionary and mandatory access control. We demonstrate our approach by adapting core {FreeBSD} utilities and Google’s Chromium web browser to use Capsicum primitives, and compare the complexity and robustness of Capsicum with other sandboxing techniques.},
author = {Watson, Robert N M and Anderson, Jonathan and Kennaway, Kris and Laurie, Ben},
langid = {english},
file = {Watson et al. - Capsicum practical capabilities for UNIX.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/IAFXHJ8H/Watson et al. - Capsicum practical capabilities for UNIX.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@online{noauthor_department_nodate,
title = {Department of Computer Science and Technology: {CheriBSD}},
url = {https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/ctsrd/cheri/cheribsd.html},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
file = {Department of Computer Science and Technology\: CheriBSD:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/3XQJWCXD/cheribsd.html:text/html},
}
@online{noauthor_msrc-security-researchpapers2020security_nodate,
title = {{MSRC}-Security-Research/papers/2020/Security analysis of {CHERI} {ISA}.pdf at master · microsoft/{MSRC}-Security-Research},
url = {https://github.com/microsoft/MSRC-Security-Research/blob/master/papers/2020/Security%20analysis%20of%20CHERI%20ISA.pdf},
abstract = {Security Research from the Microsoft Security Response Center ({MSRC}) - microsoft/{MSRC}-Security-Research},
titleaddon = {{GitHub}},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
langid = {english},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/ENF2KYRT/Security analysis of CHERI ISA.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{zaliva_formal_2024,
location = {La Jolla {CA} {USA}},
title = {Formal Mechanised Semantics of {CHERI} C: Capabilities, Undefined Behaviour, and Provenance},
isbn = {9798400703720},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617232.3624859},
doi = {10.1145/3617232.3624859},
shorttitle = {Formal Mechanised Semantics of {CHERI} C},
abstract = {Memory safety issues are a persistent source of security vulnerabilities, with conventional architectures and the C codebase chronically prone to exploitable errors. The {CHERI} research project has shown how one can provide radically improved security for that existing codebase with minimal modification, using unforgeable hardware capabilities in place of machine-word pointers in {CHERI} dialects of C, implemented as adaptions of Clang/{LLVM} and {GCC}. {CHERI} was first prototyped as extensions of {MIPS} and {RISC}-V; it is currently being evaluated by Arm and others with the Arm Morello experimental architecture, processor, and platform, to explore its potential for mass-market adoption, and by Microsoft in their {CHERIoT} design for embedded cores.},
eventtitle = {{ASPLOS} '24: 29th {ACM} International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 1},
pages = {181--196},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th {ACM} International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 1},
publisher = {{ACM}},
author = {Zaliva, Vadim and Memarian, Kayvan and Almeida, Ricardo and Clarke, Jessica and Davis, Brooks and Richardson, Alexander and Chisnall, David and Campbell, Brian and Stark, Ian and Watson, Robert N. M. and Sewell, Peter},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
date = {2024-04-27},
langid = {english},
file = {Zaliva et al. - 2024 - Formal Mechanised Semantics of CHERI C Capabiliti.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/8Y2CRHBS/Zaliva et al. - 2024 - Formal Mechanised Semantics of CHERI C Capabiliti.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{watson_cheri_nodate,
title = {{CHERI} C/C++ Programming Guide},
abstract = {This document is a brief introduction to the {CHERI} C/C++ programming languages. We explain the principles underlying these language variants, and their grounding in {CHERI}’s multiple architectural instantiations: {CHERI}-{MIPS}, {CHERI}-{RISC}-V, and Arm’s Morello. We describe the most commonly encountered differences between these dialects and C/C++ on conventional architectures, and where existing software may require minor changes. We document new compiler warnings and errors that may be experienced compiling code with the {CHERI} Clang/{LLVM} compiler, and suggest how they may be addressed through typically minor source-code changes. We explain how modest language extensions allow selected software, such as memory allocators, to further refine permissions and bounds on pointers. This guidance is based on our experience adapting the {FreeBSD} operating-system userspace, and applications such as {PostgreSQL} and {WebKit}, to run in a {CHERI} C/C++ capability-based programming environment. We conclude by recommending further reading.},
author = {Watson, Robert N M and Richardson, Alexander and Davis, Brooks and Baldwin, John and Chisnall, David and Clarke, Jessica and Filardo, Nathaniel and Moore, Simon W and Napierala, Edward and Sewell, Peter and Neumann, Peter G},
langid = {english},
file = {Watson et al. - CHERI CC++ Programming Guide.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/WHGQXE8P/Watson et al. - CHERI CC++ Programming Guide.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{esswood_cherios_nodate-1,
title = {{CheriOS}: designing an untrusted single-address-space capability operating system utilising capability hardware and a minimal hypervisor},
author = {Esswood, Lawrence G},
langid = {english},
file = {Esswood - CheriOS designing an untrusted single-address-spa.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/3IVKGYZ5/Esswood - CheriOS designing an untrusted single-address-spa.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@online{noauthor_architecture_nodate,
title = {The Architecture  of the Burroughs B-5000},
url = {https://www.smecc.org/The%20Architecture%20%20of%20the%20Burroughs%20B-5000.htm},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
file = {The Architecture  of the Burroughs B-5000:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/ELNL8VBQ/The Architecture of the Burroughs B-5000.html:text/html},
}
@article{dennis_programming_1966,
title = {Programming semantics for multiprogrammed computations},
volume = {9},
issn = {0001-0782, 1557-7317},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/365230.365252},
doi = {10.1145/365230.365252},
abstract = {The semantics are defined for a number of meta-instructions which perform operations essential to the writing of programs in multiprogrammed computer systems. These meta-instructions relate to parallel processing, protecting of separate computations, program debugging, and the sharing among users of memory segments and other computing objects, the names of which are hierarchically structured. The language sophistication contemplated is midway between an assembly language and an advanced algebraic language.},
pages = {143--155},
number = {3},
journaltitle = {Communications of the {ACM}},
shortjournal = {Commun. {ACM}},
author = {Dennis, Jack B. and Van Horn, Earl C.},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
date = {1966-03},
langid = {english},
file = {Full Text:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/6MLX2U8V/Dennis and Van Horn - 1966 - Programming semantics for multiprogrammed computat.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{watson_capability_nodate,
title = {Capability Hardware Enhanced {RISC} Instructions: {CHERI} Instruction-Set Architecture (Version 8)},
abstract = {This technical report describes {CHERI} {ISAv}8, the eighth version of the {CHERI} architecture being developed by {SRI} International and the University of Cambridge. This design captures ten years of research, development, experimentation, refinement, formal analysis, and validation through hardware and software implementation.},
author = {Watson, Robert N M and Neumann, Peter G and Woodruff, Jonathan and Roe, Michael and Almatary, Hesham and Anderson, Jonathan and Baldwin, John and Barnes, Graeme and Chisnall, David and Clarke, Jessica and Davis, Brooks and Eisen, Lee and Filardo, Nathaniel Wesley and Grisenthwaite, Richard and Joannou, Alexandre and Laurie, Ben and Markettos, A Theodore and Moore, Simon W and Murdoch, Steven J and Nienhuis, Kyndylan and Norton, Robert and Richardson, Alexander and Rugg, Peter and Sewell, Peter and Son, Stacey and Xia, Hongyan},
langid = {english},
file = {Watson et al. - Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions CH.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/R9T374YS/Watson et al. - Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions CH.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@online{noauthor_-it-yourself_nodate,
title = {Do-It-Yourself Virtual Memory Translation {\textbar} {ACM} {SIGARCH} Computer Architecture News},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3140659.3080209},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
}
@online{noauthor_osdi_nodate,
title = {{OSDI} Symposia {\textbar} {USENIX}},
url = {https://www.usenix.org/conferences/byname/179},
urldate = {2024-06-19},
file = {OSDI Symposia | USENIX:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/VI7YCLJV/179.html:text/html},
}
@article{mittal_survey_2017,
title = {A survey of techniques for architecting {TLBs}},
volume = {29},
rights = {Copyright © 2016 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
issn = {1532-0634},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cpe.4061},
doi = {10.1002/cpe.4061},
abstract = {Translation lookaside buffer ({TLB}) caches virtual to physical address translation information and is used in systems ranging from embedded devices to high-end servers. Because {TLB} is accessed very frequently and a {TLB} miss is extremely costly, prudent management of {TLB} is important for improving performance and energy efficiency of processors. In this paper, we present a survey of techniques for architecting and managing {TLBs}. We characterize the techniques across several dimensions to highlight their similarities and distinctions. We believe that this paper will be useful for chip designers, computer architects, and system engineers.},
pages = {e4061},
number = {10},
journaltitle = {Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience},
author = {Mittal, Sparsh},
urldate = {2024-06-24},
date = {2017},
langid = {english},
note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cpe.4061},
keywords = {classification, power management, prefetching, Review, superpage, {TLB}, virtual cache, workload characterization},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/JJ9H6B2H/cpe.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{lietar_snmalloc_2019,
location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}},
title = {snmalloc: a message passing allocator},
isbn = {978-1-4503-6722-6},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3315573.3329980},
doi = {10.1145/3315573.3329980},
series = {{ISMM} 2019},
shorttitle = {snmalloc},
abstract = {snmalloc is an implementation of malloc aimed at workloads in which objects are typically deallocated by a different thread than the one that had allocated them. We use the term producer/consumer for such workloads. snmalloc uses a novel message passing scheme which returns deallocated objects to the originating allocator in batches without taking any locks. It also uses a novel bump pointer-free list data structure with which just 64-bits of meta-data are sufficient for each 64 {KiB} slab. On such producer/consumer benchmarks our approach performs better than existing allocators. Snmalloc is available at {\textless}a href="https://github.com/Microsoft/snmalloc"{\textgreater}https://github.com/Microsoft/snmalloc{\textless}/a{\textgreater}.},
pages = {122--135},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 {ACM} {SIGPLAN} International Symposium on Memory Management},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Liétar, Paul and Butler, Theodore and Clebsch, Sylvan and Drossopoulou, Sophia and Franco, Juliana and Parkinson, Matthew J. and Shamis, Alex and Wintersteiger, Christoph M. and Chisnall, David},
urldate = {2024-06-23},
date = {2019-06-23},
keywords = {Memory allocation, message passing},
}
@online{cheribsd,
title = {Benchmark {ABI} - {CheriBSD} 23.11 new features tutorial},
url = {https://www.cheribsd.org/tutorial/23.11/benchmark/index.html},
urldate = {2024-06-07},
file = {Benchmark ABI - CheriBSD 23.11 new features tutorial:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/9BDKUW28/index.html:text/html},
}
@TechReport{BenchmarkABI,
author = {Watson, Robert N. M. and Clarke, Jessica and Sewell, Peter
and Woodruff, Jonathan and Moore, Simon W. and Barnes,
Graeme and Grisenthwaite, Richard and Stacer, Kathryn and
Baranga, Silviu and Richardson, Alexander},
title = {{Early performance results from the prototype Morello
microarchitecture}},
institution = {University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory},
address = {15 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FD, United Kingdom,
phone +44 1223 763500},
month = {September},
year = {2023},
number = {UCAM-CL-TR-986}
}
@inproceedings{jemalloc,
title={A scalable concurrent malloc (3) implementation for FreeBSD},
author={Evans, Jason},
booktitle={Proc. of the bsdcan conference, ottawa, canada},
year={2006}
}
@online{Benchmark,
title = {{CHERI}-Allocator/benchmarks/benchmarks/{StressTestMalloc}/glibc-bench.c at main · Akilan1999/{CHERI}-Allocator},
url = {https://github.com/Akilan1999/CHERI-Allocator/blob/main/benchmarks/benchmarks/StressTestMalloc/glibc-bench.c},
urldate = {2025-01-15},
file = {CHERI-Allocator/benchmarks/benchmarks/StressTestMalloc/glibc-bench.c at main · Akilan1999/CHERI-Allocator:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/2X8ZJLND/glibc-bench.html:text/html},
}
@online{Morello,
title = {Department of Computer Science and Technology – {CHERI}: The Arm Morello Board},
url = {https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/ctsrd/cheri/cheri-morello.html},
urldate = {2025-01-16},
file = {Department of Computer Science and Technology – CHERI\: The Arm Morello Board:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/GCMNX8LY/cheri-morello.html:text/html},
}
@online{PerformanceCounter,
title = {Arm Architecture Reference Manual for A-profile architecture},
url = {https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0487/latest},
urldate = {2025-01-15},
file = {Arm Architecture Reference Manual for A-profile architecture:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/BVZSP7HA/latest.html:text/html},
}
@article{TLBBehavoir,
author = {Kandiraju, Gokul B. and Sivasubramaniam, Anand},
title = {Characterizing the d-TLB behavior of SPEC CPU2000 benchmarks},
year = {2002},
issue_date = {June 2002},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
issn = {0163-5999},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/511399.511351},
doi = {10.1145/511399.511351},
abstract = {Despite the numerous optimization and evaluation studies that have been conducted with TLBs over the years, there is still a deficiency in an indepth understanding of TLB characteristics from an application angle. This paper presents a detailed characterization study of the TLB behavior of the SPEC CPU2000 benchmark suite. The contributions of this work are in identifying important application characteristics for TLB studies, quantifying the SPEC2000 application behavior for these characteristics, as well as making pronouncements and suggestions for future research based on these results.Around one-fourth of the SPEC2000 applications (ammp, apsi, galgel, lucas, mcf, twolf and vpr) have significant TLB missrates. Both capacity and associativity are influencing factors on miss-rates, though they do not necessarily go hand-in-hand. Multi-level TLBs are definitely useful for these applications in cutting down access times without significant miss rate degradation. Superpaging to combine TLB entries may not be rewarding for many of these applications. Software management of TLBs in terms of determining what entries to prefetch, what entries to replace, and what entries to pin has a lot of potential to cut down miss rates considerably. Specifically, the potential benefits of prefetching TLB entries is examined, and Distance Prefetching is shown to give good prediction accuracy for these applications.},
journal = {SIGMETRICS Perform. Eval. Rev.},
month = jun,
pages = {129–139},
numpages = {11}
}
@inproceedings{IntelItanium,
author = {Cornea, Marius and Harrison, John and Tang, Ping Tak Peter},
title = {Intel® Itanium® floating-point architecture},
year = {2003},
isbn = {9781450347327},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1275521.1275526},
doi = {10.1145/1275521.1275526},
abstract = {The Intel® Itanium® architecture is increasingly becoming one of the major processor architectures present in the market today. Launched in 2001, the Intel Itanium processor was followed in 2002 by the Itanium 2 processor, with increased integer and floating-point performance. Measured by the SPEC CINT2000 benchmarks, the Itanium 2 processor still trails by about 25\% the Intel P4 processor in integer performance, albeit P4 runs at more than three times Itanium's clock frequency. However, its floating-point performance clearly leads in the SPEC CFP2000 charts, and its rating is about 25\% higher than that of the P4 processor. While the general features of the Itanium architecture such as large register sets, predication, speculation, and support for explicit parallelism [1] have been presented in several papers, books, and mainstream college textbooks [2], its floating-point architecture has been less publicized. Two books, [3] and [4], cover well this area. The present paper focuses on the floating-point architecture of the Itanium processor family, and points out a few remarkable features suitable to be the focus of a lecture, lab session, or project in a computer architecture class.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2003 Workshop on Computer Architecture Education: Held in Conjunction with the 30th International Symposium on Computer Architecture},
pages = {3–es},
location = {San Diego, California},
series = {WCAE '03}
}
@phdthesis{singh1993,
author = {Singh, Jaswinder Pal},
title = {Parallel Hierarchical N-body Methods and Their Implications for Multiprocessors},
school = {Stanford University},
year = {1993},
month = feb,
}
@inproceedings{holt1995,
author = {Holt, C. and Singh, Jaswinder Pal},
title = {Hierarchical N-Body Methods on Shared Address Space Multiprocessors},
booktitle = {SIAM Conference on Parallel Processing for Scientific Computing},
year = {1995},
note = {To appear},
month = feb
}
@article{evans_scalable_nodate,
title = {A {Scalable} {Concurrent} malloc(3) {Implementation} for {FreeBSD}},
abstract = {The FreeBSD project has been engaged in ongoing work to provide scalable support for multi-processor computer systems since version 5. Sufficient progress has been made that the C library’s malloc(3) memory allocator is now a potential bottleneck for multi-threaded applications running on multiprocessor systems. In this paper, I present a new memory allocator that builds on the state of the art to provide scalable concurrent allocation for applications. Benchmarks indicate that with this allocator, memory allocation for multi-threaded applications scales well as the number of processors increases. At the same time, single-threaded allocation performance is similar to the previous allocator implementation.},
language = {en},
author = {Evans, Jason},
file = {Evans - A Scalable Concurrent malloc(3) Implementation for.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/4ZE7JS5V/Evans - A Scalable Concurrent malloc(3) Implementation for.pdf:application/pdf},
}

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@article{Shadow_superpages,
title = {Aggressive superpage support with the shadow memory and the partial-subblock TLB},
journal = {Microprocessors and Microsystems},
volume = {25},
number = {7},
pages = {329-342},
year = {2001},
issn = {0141-9331},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-9331(01)00125-9},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141933101001259},
author = {Cheol Ho Park and Daeyeon Park},
keywords = {Superpage, Shadow memory, Subblock TLB, Translation lookaside buffer},
abstract = {While superpages are an efficient solution to increase TLB reach, strong requirements for using superpages hinder the actual utilization. Two previous solutions, the partial-subblock TLB and the shadow memory were proposed to release the requirements. The partial-subblock TLB releases only a small portion of the requirements. The shadow memory releases most of the requirements but introduces other serious problems. We propose a hybrid scheme which integrates both the shadow memory and the partial-subblock TLB, thereby enjoying the benefits inherited from both sides. The hybrid scheme has as high a superpage utilization as the shadow memory, and avoids most of the problems in the shadow memory by virtue of the partial-subblock TLB. The experiment shows that the hybrid scheme outperforms the previous schemes though its hardware cost and overhead are considered.}
}
@article{THP,
title = {Practical, transparent operating system support for superpages},
abstract = {Most general-purpose processors provide support for memory pages of large sizes, called superpages. Superpages enable each entry in the translation lookaside buffer ({TLB}) to map a large physical memory region into a virtual address space. This dramatically increases {TLB} coverage, reduces {TLB} misses, and promises performance improvements for many applications. However, supporting superpages poses several challenges to the operating system, in terms of superpage allocation and promotion tradeoffs, fragmentation control, etc. We analyze these issues, and propose the design of an effective superpage management system. We implement it in {FreeBSD} on the Alpha {CPU}, and evaluate it on real workloads and benchmarks. We obtain substantial performance benefits, often exceeding 30\%; these benefits are sustained even under stressful workload scenarios.},
author = {Navarro, Juan},
langid = {english},
file = {Navarro - Practical, transparent operating system support fo.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/R9MSCWQX/Navarro - Practical, transparent operating system support fo.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{TLBReach,
author={Pham, Binh and Bhattacharjee, Abhishek and Eckert, Yasuko and Loh, Gabriel H.},
booktitle={2014 IEEE 20th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)},
title={Increasing TLB reach by exploiting clustering in page translations},
year={2014},
volume={},
number={},
pages={558-567},
keywords={Virtual private networks;Hardware;Organizations;Benchmark testing;Prefetching;Operating systems},
doi={10.1109/HPCA.2014.6835964}
@article{DirectSegment,
author = {Basu, Arkaprava and Gandhi, Jayneel and Chang, Jichuan and Hill, Mark D. and Swift, Michael M.},
title = {Efficient virtual memory for big memory servers},
year = {2013},
issue_date = {June 2013},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
volume = {41},
number = {3},
issn = {0163-5964},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2508148.2485943},
doi = {10.1145/2508148.2485943},
abstract = {Our analysis shows that many "big-memory" server workloads, such as databases, in-memory caches, and graph analytics, pay a high cost for page-based virtual memory. They consume as much as 10\% of execution cycles on TLB misses, even using large pages. On the other hand, we find that these workloads use read-write permission on most pages, are provisioned not to swap, and rarely benefit from the full flexibility of page-based virtual memory.To remove the TLB miss overhead for big-memory workloads, we propose mapping part of a process's linear virtual address space with a direct segment, while page mapping the rest of the virtual address space. Direct segments use minimal hardware---base, limit and offset registers per core---to map contiguous virtual memory regions directly to contiguous physical memory. They eliminate the possibility of TLB misses for key data structures such as database buffer pools and in-memory key-value stores. Memory mapped by a direct segment may be converted back to paging when needed.We prototype direct-segment software support for x86-64 in Linux and emulate direct-segment hardware. For our workloads, direct segments eliminate almost all TLB misses and reduce the execution time wasted on TLB misses to less than 0.5\%.},
journal = {SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News},
month = jun,
pages = {237–248},
numpages = {12},
keywords = {tanslation lookaside buffer, virtual memory}
}
@article{navarro_practical_nodate,
title = {Practical, transparent operating system support for superpages},
abstract = {Most general-purpose processors provide support for memory pages of large sizes, called superpages. Superpages enable each entry in the translation lookaside buffer ({TLB}) to map a large physical memory region into a virtual address space. This dramatically increases {TLB} coverage, reduces {TLB} misses, and promises performance improvements for many applications. However, supporting superpages poses several challenges to the operating system, in terms of superpage allocation and promotion tradeoffs, fragmentation control, etc. We analyze these issues, and propose the design of an effective superpage management system. We implement it in {FreeBSD} on the Alpha {CPU}, and evaluate it on real workloads and benchmarks. We obtain substantial performance benefits, often exceeding 30\%; these benefits are sustained even under stressful workload scenarios.},
author = {Navarro, Juan},
langid = {english},
file = {Navarro - Practical, transparent operating system support fo.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/9RBYAPGM/Navarro - Practical, transparent operating system support fo.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{panwar_hawkeye_2019,
location = {Providence {RI} {USA}},
title = {{HawkEye}: Efficient Fine-grained {OS} Support for Huge Pages},
isbn = {978-1-4503-6240-5},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3297858.3304064},
doi = {10.1145/3297858.3304064},
shorttitle = {{HawkEye}},
eventtitle = {{ASPLOS} '19: Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems},
pages = {347--360},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems},
publisher = {{ACM}},
author = {Panwar, Ashish and Bansal, Sorav and Gopinath, K.},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
date = {2019-04-04},
langid = {english},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/VQLCKYCA/Panwar et al. - 2019 - HawkEye Efficient Fine-grained OS Support for Hug.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{karakostas_redundant_2015,
location = {Portland Oregon},
title = {Redundant memory mappings for fast access to large memories},
isbn = {978-1-4503-3402-0},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2749469.2749471},
doi = {10.1145/2749469.2749471},
abstract = {Page-based virtual memory improves programmer productivity, security, and memory utilization, but incurs performance overheads due to costly page table walks after {TLB} misses. This overhead can reach 50\% for modern workloads that access increasingly vast memory with stagnating {TLB} sizes. To reduce the overhead of virtual memory, this paper proposes Redundant Memory Mappings ({RMM}), which leverage ranges of pages and provides an efficient, alternative representation of many virtual-to-physical mappings. We define a range be a subset of process’s pages that are virtually and physically contiguous. {RMM} translates each range with a single range table entry, enabling a modest number of entries to translate most of the process’s address space. {RMM} operates in parallel with standard paging and uses a software range table and hardware range {TLB} with arbitrarily large reach. We modify the operating system to automatically detect ranges and to increase their likelihood with eager page allocation. {RMM} is thus transparent to applications. We prototype {RMM} software in Linux and emulate the hardware. {RMM} performs substantially better than paging alone and huge pages, and improves a wider variety of workloads than direct segments (one range per program), reducing the overhead of virtual memory to less than 1\% on average.},
eventtitle = {{ISCA} '15: The 42nd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture},
pages = {66--78},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 42nd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture},
publisher = {{ACM}},
author = {Karakostas, Vasileios and Gandhi, Jayneel and Ayar, Furkan and Cristal, Adrián and Hill, Mark D. and {McKinley}, Kathryn S. and Nemirovsky, Mario and Swift, Michael M. and Ünsal, Osman},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
date = {2015-06-13},
langid = {english},
file = {Karakostas et al. - 2015 - Redundant memory mappings for fast access to large.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/8JECES24/Karakostas et al. - 2015 - Redundant memory mappings for fast access to large.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{chen_flexpointer_2023,
title = {{FlexPointer}: Fast Address Translation Based on Range {TLB} and Tagged Pointers},
volume = {20},
issn = {1544-3566, 1544-3973},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3579854},
doi = {10.1145/3579854},
shorttitle = {{FlexPointer}},
abstract = {Page-based virtual memory relies on {TLBs} to accelerate the address translation. Nowadays, the gap between application workloads and the capacity of {TLB} continues to grow, bringing many costly {TLB} misses and making the {TLB} a performance bottleneck. Previous studies seek to narrow the gap by exploiting the contiguity of physical pages. One promising solution is to group pages that are both virtually and physically contiguous into a memory range. Recording range translations can greatly increase the {TLB} reach, but ranges are also hard to index because they have arbitrary bounds. The processor has to compare against all the boundaries to determine which range an address falls in, which restricts the usage of memory ranges.
In this article, we propose a tagged-pointer-based scheme, {FlexPointer}, to solve the range indexing problem. The core insight of {FlexPointer} is that large memory objects are rare, so we can create memory ranges based on such objects and assign each of them a unique {ID}. With the range {ID} integrated into pointers, we can index the range {TLB} with {IDs} and greatly simplify its structure. Moreover, because the {ID} is stored in the unused bits of a pointer and is not manipulated by the address generation, we can shift the range lookup to an earlier stage, working in parallel with the address generation. According to our trace-based simulation results, {FlexPointer} can reduce nearly all the L1 {TLB} misses, and page walks for a variety of memory-intensive workloads. Compared with a 4K-page baseline system, {FlexPointer} shows a 14\% performance improvement on average and up to 2.8x speedup in the best case. For other workloads, {FlexPointer} shows no performance degradation.},
pages = {1--24},
number = {2},
journaltitle = {{ACM} Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization},
shortjournal = {{ACM} Trans. Archit. Code Optim.},
author = {Chen, Dongwei and Tong, Dong and Yang, Chun and Yi, Jiangfang and Cheng, Xu},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
date = {2023-06-30},
langid = {english},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/L9XGZDFK/Chen et al. - 2023 - FlexPointer Fast Address Translation Based on Ran.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{woodruff_cheri_2019,
title = {{CHERI} Concentrate: Practical Compressed Capabilities},
volume = {68},
rights = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/{IEEE}.html},
issn = {0018-9340, 1557-9956, 2326-3814},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8703061/},
doi = {10.1109/TC.2019.2914037},
shorttitle = {{CHERI} Concentrate},
abstract = {We present {CHERI} Concentrate, a new fat-pointer compression scheme applied to {CHERI}, the most developed capability-pointer system at present. Capability fat pointers are a primary candidate to enforce fine-grained and non-bypassable security properties in future computer systems, although increased pointer size can severely affect performance. Thus, several proposals for capability compression have been suggested elsewhere that do not support legacy instruction sets, ignore features critical to the existing software base, and also introduce design inefficiencies to {RISC}-style processor pipelines. {CHERI} Concentrate improves on the state-of-the-art region-encoding efficiency, solves important pipeline problems, and eases semantic restrictions of compressed encoding, allowing it to protect a full legacy software stack. We present the first quantitative analysis of compiled capability code, which we use to guide the design of the encoding format. We analyze and extend logic from the open-source {CHERI} prototype processor design on {FPGA} to demonstrate encoding efficiency, minimize delay of pointer arithmetic, and eliminate additional load-to-use delay. To verify correctness of our proposed high-performance logic, we present a {HOL}4 machine-checked proof of the decode and pointer-modify operations. Finally, we measure a 50\% to 75\% reduction in L2 misses for many compiled C-language benchmarks running under a commodity operating system using compressed 128-bit and 64-bit formats, demonstrating both compatibility with and increased performance over the uncompressed, 256-bit format.},
pages = {1455--1469},
number = {10},
journaltitle = {{IEEE} Transactions on Computers},
shortjournal = {{IEEE} Trans. Comput.},
author = {Woodruff, Jonathan and Joannou, Alexandre and Xia, Hongyan and Fox, Anthony and Norton, Robert M. and Chisnall, David and Davis, Brooks and Gudka, Khilan and Filardo, Nathaniel W. and Markettos, A. Theodore and Roe, Michael and Neumann, Peter G. and Watson, Robert N. M. and Moore, Simon W.},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
date = {2019-10-01},
langid = {english},
file = {Woodruff et al. - 2019 - CHERI Concentrate Practical Compressed Capabiliti.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/3SZUIWQ5/Woodruff et al. - 2019 - CHERI Concentrate Practical Compressed Capabiliti.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@online{noauthor_capability-based_nodate,
title = {Capability-Based Computer Systems},
url = {https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~levy/capabook/},
urldate = {2024-06-07},
file = {Capability-Based Computer Systems:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/IAAG6ZF3/capabook.html:text/html},
}
@article{woodruff_cheri_2014,
title = {The {CHERI} capability model: revisiting {RISC} in an age of risk},
volume = {42},
issn = {0163-5964},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2678373.2665740},
doi = {10.1145/2678373.2665740},
shorttitle = {The {CHERI} capability model},
abstract = {Motivated by contemporary security challenges, we reevaluate and refine capability-based addressing for the {RISC} era. We present {CHERI}, a hybrid capability model that extends the 64-bit {MIPS} {ISA} with byte-granularity memory protection. We demonstrate that {CHERI} enables language memory model enforcement and fault isolation in hardware rather than software, and that the {CHERI} mechanisms are easily adopted by existing programs for efficient in-program memory safety. In contrast to past capability models, {CHERI} complements, rather than replaces, the ubiquitous page-based protection mechanism, providing a migration path towards deconflating data-structure protection and {OS} memory management. Furthermore, {CHERI} adheres to a strict {RISC} philosophy: it maintains a load-store architecture and requires only singlecycle instructions, and supplies protection primitives to the compiler, language runtime, and operating system. We demonstrate a mature {FPGA} implementation that runs the {FreeBSD} operating system with a full range of software and an open-source application suite compiled with an extended {LLVM} to use {CHERI} memory protection. A limit study compares published memory safety mechanisms in terms of instruction count and memory overheads. The study illustrates that {CHERI} is performance-competitive even while providing assurance and greater flexibility with simpler hardware},
pages = {457--468},
number = {3},
journaltitle = {{ACM} {SIGARCH} Computer Architecture News},
shortjournal = {{SIGARCH} Comput. Archit. News},
author = {Woodruff, Jonathan and Watson, Robert N.M. and Chisnall, David and Moore, Simon W. and Anderson, Jonathan and Davis, Brooks and Laurie, Ben and Neumann, Peter G. and Norton, Robert and Roe, Michael},
urldate = {2024-06-07},
date = {2014-06-14},
}
@article{miller_towards_nodate,
title = {Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and Concurrency Control},
author = {Miller, Mark Samuel},
langid = {english},
file = {Miller - Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and Co.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/7METVAKG/Miller - Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and Co.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{curtsinger_coz_2015,
title = {Coz: Finding Code that Counts with Causal Profiling},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03676},
doi = {10.1145/2815400.2815409},
shorttitle = {Coz},
abstract = {Improving performance is a central concern for software developers. To locate optimization opportunities, developers rely on software profilers. However, these profilers only report where programs spent their time: optimizing that code may have no impact on performance. Past profilers thus both waste developer time and make it difficult for them to uncover significant optimization opportunities.},
pages = {184--197},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles},
author = {Curtsinger, Charlie and Berger, Emery D.},
urldate = {2024-06-07},
date = {2015-10-04},
langid = {english},
eprinttype = {arxiv},
eprint = {1608.03676 [cs]},
keywords = {C.4, Computer Science - Performance, D.4.8},
file = {Curtsinger and Berger - 2015 - Coz Finding Code that Counts with Causal Profilin.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/QTFQXVHE/Curtsinger and Berger - 2015 - Coz Finding Code that Counts with Causal Profilin.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@online{noauthor_benchmark_nodate,
title = {Benchmark {ABI} - {CheriBSD} 23.11 new features tutorial},
url = {https://www.cheribsd.org/tutorial/23.11/benchmark/index.html},
urldate = {2024-06-07},
file = {Benchmark ABI - CheriBSD 23.11 new features tutorial:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/9BDKUW28/index.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{zhu_research_2018,
location = {Taipei, Taiwan},
title = {Research and Implementation of High Performance Traffic Processing Based on Intel {DPDK}},
isbn = {978-1-5386-9403-9},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8701793/},
doi = {10.1109/PAAP.2018.00018},
eventtitle = {2018 9th International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Programming ({PAAP})},
pages = {62--68},
booktitle = {2018 9th International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Programming ({PAAP})},
publisher = {{IEEE}},
author = {Zhu, Wenjun and Li, Peng and Luo, Baozhou and Xu, He and Zhang, Yujie},
urldate = {2024-06-07},
date = {2018-12},
}
@article{bi_dpdk-based_2016,
title = {{DPDK}-based Improvement of Packet Forwarding},
volume = {7},
rights = {© Owned by the authors, published by {EDP} Sciences, 2016},
issn = {2271-2097},
url = {https://www.itm-conferences.org/articles/itmconf/abs/2016/02/itmconf_ita2016_01009/itmconf_ita2016_01009.html},
doi = {10.1051/itmconf/20160701009},
abstract = {Reel-time processing of packets occupies a significant position in the field of computer network security. With theexplosive growth of the backbone link rate,which is consistent with Gilder's law, many bottlenecks of server performance leave the real-time data stream unprocessed.Thus, we proposedto take use of {DPDK}(Data Plan Development Kit) framework to achieve an intelligent {NIC} packet forwarding system. During this research, we deeply analysis the forwarding process of packet in {DPDK} and improve its {DMA} mode.According to the results of experiment, the system greatly enhanced the performance of packet forwarding,and the throughput of forwarding 64-byet or random-length packets by 20Gbit {NIC} reaches13.3Gbps and 18.7Gbps(dual ports forwarding).},
pages = {01009},
journaltitle = {{ITM} Web of Conferences},
shortjournal = {{ITM} Web Conf.},
author = {Bi, Hao and Wang, Zhao-Hun},
urldate = {2024-06-07},
date = {2016},
langid = {english},
note = {Publisher: {EDP} Sciences},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/LEVMJ983/Bi and Wang - 2016 - DPDK-based Improvement of Packet Forwarding.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{esswood_cherios_nodate,
title = {{CheriOS}: designing an untrusted single-address-space capability operating system utilising capability hardware and a minimal hypervisor},
author = {Esswood, Lawrence G},
langid = {english},
file = {Esswood - CheriOS designing an untrusted single-address-spa.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/YGIBFTD5/Esswood - CheriOS designing an untrusted single-address-spa.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{wilkes_cambridge_1979,
location = {New York},
title = {The Cambridge {CAP} computer and its operating system},
isbn = {978-0-444-00357-7 978-0-444-00358-4},
series = {The computer science library operating and programming systems series},
pagetotal = {165},
number = {6},
publisher = {North Holland},
author = {Wilkes, Maurice V. and Needham, Roger M.},
date = {1979},
langid = {english},
file = {Wilkes and Needham - 1979 - The Cambridge CAP computer and its operating syste.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/VIQTWZS3/Wilkes and Needham - 1979 - The Cambridge CAP computer and its operating syste.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{fillo_mmachine_nodate,
title = {The M–Machine Multicomputer},
author = {Fillo, Marco and Keckler, Stephen W and Dally, William J and Carter, Nicholas P and Chang, Andrew and Gurevich, Yevgeny and Lee, Whay S},
langid = {english},
file = {Fillo et al. - The M–Machine Multicomputer.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/LD95UQTM/Fillo et al. - The M–Machine Multicomputer.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{kwon_low-fat_2013,
location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}},
title = {Low-fat pointers: compact encoding and efficient gate-level implementation of fat pointers for spatial safety and capability-based security},
isbn = {978-1-4503-2477-9},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2508859.2516713},
doi = {10.1145/2508859.2516713},
series = {{CCS} '13},
shorttitle = {Low-fat pointers},
abstract = {Referencing outside the bounds of an array or buffer is a common source of bugs and security vulnerabilities in today's software. We can enforce spatial safety and eliminate these violations by inseparably associating bounds with every pointer (fat pointer) and checking these bounds on every memory access. By further adding hardware-managed tags to the pointer, we make them unforgeable. This, in turn, allows the pointers to be used as capabilities to facilitate fine-grained access control and fast security domain crossing. Dedicated checking hardware runs in parallel with the processor's normal datapath so that the checks do not slow down processor operation (0\% runtime overhead). To achieve the safety of fat pointers without increasing program state, we compactly encode approximate base and bound pointers along with exact address pointers for a 46b address space into one 64-bit word with a worst-case memory overhead of 3\%. We develop gate-level implementations of the logic for updating and validating these compact fat pointers and show that the hardware requirements are low and the critical paths for common operations are smaller than processor {ALU} operations. Specifically, we show that the fat-pointer check and update operations can run in a 4 ns clock cycle on a Virtex 6 (40nm) implementation while only using 1100 6-{LUTs} or about the area of a double-precision, floating-point adder.},
pages = {721--732},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 {ACM} {SIGSAC} conference on Computer \& communications security},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Kwon, Albert and Dhawan, Udit and Smith, Jonathan M. and Knight, Thomas F. and {DeHon}, Andre},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
date = {2013-11-04},
keywords = {capabilities, fat pointer, memory safety, processor, security, spatial confinement},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/CVVZYZS4/Kwon et al. - 2013 - Low-fat pointers compact encoding and efficient g.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{wulf_hydra_1974,
title = {{HYDRA}: the kernel of a multiprocessor operating system},
volume = {17},
issn = {0001-0782, 1557-7317},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/355616.364017},
doi = {10.1145/355616.364017},
shorttitle = {{HYDRA}},
abstract = {This paper describes the design philosophy of {HYDRA}—the kernel of an operating system for C.mmp, the Carnegie-Mellon Multi-Mini-Processor. This philosophy is realized through the introduction of a generalized notion of “resource,” both physical and virtual, called an “object.” Mechanisms are presented for dealing with objects, including the creation of new types, specification of new operations applicable to a given type, sharing, and protection of any reference to a given object against improper application of any of the operations defined with respect to that type of object. The mechanisms provide a coherent basis for extension of the system in two directions: the introduction of new facilities, and the creation of highly secure systems.},
pages = {337--345},
number = {6},
journaltitle = {Communications of the {ACM}},
shortjournal = {Commun. {ACM}},
author = {Wulf, W. and Cohen, E. and Corwin, W. and Jones, A. and Levin, R. and Pierson, C. and Pollack, F.},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
date = {1974-06},
langid = {english},
file = {Full Text:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/EIRBNTVF/Wulf et al. - 1974 - HYDRA the kernel of a multiprocessor operating sy.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{hardy_keykos_1985,
title = {{KeyKOS} architecture},
volume = {19},
issn = {0163-5980},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/858336.858337},
doi = {10.1145/858336.858337},
pages = {8--25},
number = {4},
journaltitle = {{ACM} {SIGOPS} Operating Systems Review},
shortjournal = {{SIGOPS} Oper. Syst. Rev.},
author = {Hardy, Norman},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
date = {1985-10-01},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/QSYKM6QN/Hardy - 1985 - KeyKOS architecture.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{rashid_mach_nodate,
title = {Mach: A System Software Kernel},
abstract = {The Mach operating system can be used as a system software kernel which can support a variety of operating system environments. Key elements of the Mach design which allow it to efficiently support system software include integrated virtual memory management and interprocess communication, multiple threads of control within one address space, support for transparent system trap callout and an object programming facility integrated with the Mach {IPC} mechanisms. Mach is currently available both from {CMU} and commercially on a wide range of uniprocessor and multiprocessor hardware.},
author = {Rashid, Richard and Julin, Daniel and Orr, Douglas and Sanzi, Richard and Baron, Robert and Forin, Alessandro and Golub, David and Jones, Michael},
langid = {english},
file = {Rashid et al. - Mach A System Software Kernel.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/UHLILYH9/Rashid et al. - Mach A System Software Kernel.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{baumann_multikernel_2009,
location = {Big Sky Montana {USA}},
title = {The multikernel: a new {OS} architecture for scalable multicore systems},
isbn = {978-1-60558-752-3},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1629575.1629579},
doi = {10.1145/1629575.1629579},
shorttitle = {The multikernel},
abstract = {Commodity computer systems contain more and more processor cores and exhibit increasingly diverse architectural tradeoffs, including memory hierarchies, interconnects, instruction sets and variants, and {IO} configurations. Previous high-performance computing systems have scaled in specific cases, but the dynamic nature of modern client and server workloads, coupled with the impossibility of statically optimizing an {OS} for all workloads and hardware variants pose serious challenges for operating system structures.},
eventtitle = {{SOSP}09: {ACM} {SIGOPS} 22nd Symposium on Operating Systems Principles},
pages = {29--44},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGOPS} 22nd symposium on Operating systems principles},
publisher = {{ACM}},
author = {Baumann, Andrew and Barham, Paul and Dagand, Pierre-Evariste and Harris, Tim and Isaacs, Rebecca and Peter, Simon and Roscoe, Timothy and Schüpbach, Adrian and Singhania, Akhilesh},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
date = {2009-10-11},
langid = {english},
file = {Baumann et al. - 2009 - The multikernel a new OS architecture for scalabl.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/4BVCRZN6/Baumann et al. - 2009 - The multikernel a new OS architecture for scalabl.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{watson_capsicum_nodate,
title = {Capsicum: practical capabilities for {UNIX}},
abstract = {Capsicum is a lightweight operating system capability and sandbox framework planned for inclusion in {FreeBSD} 9. Capsicum extends, rather than replaces, {UNIX} {APIs}, providing new kernel primitives (sandboxed capability mode and capabilities) and a userspace sandbox {API}. These tools support compartmentalisation of monolithic {UNIX} applications into logical applications, an increasingly common goal supported poorly by discretionary and mandatory access control. We demonstrate our approach by adapting core {FreeBSD} utilities and Google’s Chromium web browser to use Capsicum primitives, and compare the complexity and robustness of Capsicum with other sandboxing techniques.},
author = {Watson, Robert N M and Anderson, Jonathan and Kennaway, Kris and Laurie, Ben},
langid = {english},
file = {Watson et al. - Capsicum practical capabilities for UNIX.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/IAFXHJ8H/Watson et al. - Capsicum practical capabilities for UNIX.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@online{noauthor_department_nodate,
title = {Department of Computer Science and Technology: {CheriBSD}},
url = {https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/ctsrd/cheri/cheribsd.html},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
file = {Department of Computer Science and Technology\: CheriBSD:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/3XQJWCXD/cheribsd.html:text/html},
}
@online{noauthor_msrc-security-researchpapers2020security_nodate,
title = {{MSRC}-Security-Research/papers/2020/Security analysis of {CHERI} {ISA}.pdf at master · microsoft/{MSRC}-Security-Research},
url = {https://github.com/microsoft/MSRC-Security-Research/blob/master/papers/2020/Security%20analysis%20of%20CHERI%20ISA.pdf},
abstract = {Security Research from the Microsoft Security Response Center ({MSRC}) - microsoft/{MSRC}-Security-Research},
titleaddon = {{GitHub}},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
langid = {english},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/ENF2KYRT/Security analysis of CHERI ISA.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{zaliva_formal_2024,
location = {La Jolla {CA} {USA}},
title = {Formal Mechanised Semantics of {CHERI} C: Capabilities, Undefined Behaviour, and Provenance},
isbn = {9798400703720},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617232.3624859},
doi = {10.1145/3617232.3624859},
shorttitle = {Formal Mechanised Semantics of {CHERI} C},
abstract = {Memory safety issues are a persistent source of security vulnerabilities, with conventional architectures and the C codebase chronically prone to exploitable errors. The {CHERI} research project has shown how one can provide radically improved security for that existing codebase with minimal modification, using unforgeable hardware capabilities in place of machine-word pointers in {CHERI} dialects of C, implemented as adaptions of Clang/{LLVM} and {GCC}. {CHERI} was first prototyped as extensions of {MIPS} and {RISC}-V; it is currently being evaluated by Arm and others with the Arm Morello experimental architecture, processor, and platform, to explore its potential for mass-market adoption, and by Microsoft in their {CHERIoT} design for embedded cores.},
eventtitle = {{ASPLOS} '24: 29th {ACM} International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 1},
pages = {181--196},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th {ACM} International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 1},
publisher = {{ACM}},
author = {Zaliva, Vadim and Memarian, Kayvan and Almeida, Ricardo and Clarke, Jessica and Davis, Brooks and Richardson, Alexander and Chisnall, David and Campbell, Brian and Stark, Ian and Watson, Robert N. M. and Sewell, Peter},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
date = {2024-04-27},
langid = {english},
file = {Zaliva et al. - 2024 - Formal Mechanised Semantics of CHERI C Capabiliti.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/8Y2CRHBS/Zaliva et al. - 2024 - Formal Mechanised Semantics of CHERI C Capabiliti.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{watson_cheri_nodate,
title = {{CHERI} C/C++ Programming Guide},
abstract = {This document is a brief introduction to the {CHERI} C/C++ programming languages. We explain the principles underlying these language variants, and their grounding in {CHERI}’s multiple architectural instantiations: {CHERI}-{MIPS}, {CHERI}-{RISC}-V, and Arm’s Morello. We describe the most commonly encountered differences between these dialects and C/C++ on conventional architectures, and where existing software may require minor changes. We document new compiler warnings and errors that may be experienced compiling code with the {CHERI} Clang/{LLVM} compiler, and suggest how they may be addressed through typically minor source-code changes. We explain how modest language extensions allow selected software, such as memory allocators, to further refine permissions and bounds on pointers. This guidance is based on our experience adapting the {FreeBSD} operating-system userspace, and applications such as {PostgreSQL} and {WebKit}, to run in a {CHERI} C/C++ capability-based programming environment. We conclude by recommending further reading.},
author = {Watson, Robert N M and Richardson, Alexander and Davis, Brooks and Baldwin, John and Chisnall, David and Clarke, Jessica and Filardo, Nathaniel and Moore, Simon W and Napierala, Edward and Sewell, Peter and Neumann, Peter G},
langid = {english},
file = {Watson et al. - CHERI CC++ Programming Guide.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/WHGQXE8P/Watson et al. - CHERI CC++ Programming Guide.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{esswood_cherios_nodate-1,
title = {{CheriOS}: designing an untrusted single-address-space capability operating system utilising capability hardware and a minimal hypervisor},
author = {Esswood, Lawrence G},
langid = {english},
file = {Esswood - CheriOS designing an untrusted single-address-spa.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/3IVKGYZ5/Esswood - CheriOS designing an untrusted single-address-spa.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@online{noauthor_architecture_nodate,
title = {The Architecture  of the Burroughs B-5000},
url = {https://www.smecc.org/The%20Architecture%20%20of%20the%20Burroughs%20B-5000.htm},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
file = {The Architecture  of the Burroughs B-5000:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/ELNL8VBQ/The Architecture of the Burroughs B-5000.html:text/html},
}
@article{dennis_programming_1966,
title = {Programming semantics for multiprogrammed computations},
volume = {9},
issn = {0001-0782, 1557-7317},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/365230.365252},
doi = {10.1145/365230.365252},
abstract = {The semantics are defined for a number of meta-instructions which perform operations essential to the writing of programs in multiprogrammed computer systems. These meta-instructions relate to parallel processing, protecting of separate computations, program debugging, and the sharing among users of memory segments and other computing objects, the names of which are hierarchically structured. The language sophistication contemplated is midway between an assembly language and an advanced algebraic language.},
pages = {143--155},
number = {3},
journaltitle = {Communications of the {ACM}},
shortjournal = {Commun. {ACM}},
author = {Dennis, Jack B. and Van Horn, Earl C.},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
date = {1966-03},
langid = {english},
file = {Full Text:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/6MLX2U8V/Dennis and Van Horn - 1966 - Programming semantics for multiprogrammed computat.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{watson_capability_nodate,
title = {Capability Hardware Enhanced {RISC} Instructions: {CHERI} Instruction-Set Architecture (Version 8)},
abstract = {This technical report describes {CHERI} {ISAv}8, the eighth version of the {CHERI} architecture being developed by {SRI} International and the University of Cambridge. This design captures ten years of research, development, experimentation, refinement, formal analysis, and validation through hardware and software implementation.},
author = {Watson, Robert N M and Neumann, Peter G and Woodruff, Jonathan and Roe, Michael and Almatary, Hesham and Anderson, Jonathan and Baldwin, John and Barnes, Graeme and Chisnall, David and Clarke, Jessica and Davis, Brooks and Eisen, Lee and Filardo, Nathaniel Wesley and Grisenthwaite, Richard and Joannou, Alexandre and Laurie, Ben and Markettos, A Theodore and Moore, Simon W and Murdoch, Steven J and Nienhuis, Kyndylan and Norton, Robert and Richardson, Alexander and Rugg, Peter and Sewell, Peter and Son, Stacey and Xia, Hongyan},
langid = {english},
file = {Watson et al. - Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions CH.pdf:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/R9T374YS/Watson et al. - Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions CH.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@online{noauthor_-it-yourself_nodate,
title = {Do-It-Yourself Virtual Memory Translation {\textbar} {ACM} {SIGARCH} Computer Architecture News},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3140659.3080209},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
}
@online{noauthor_osdi_nodate,
title = {{OSDI} Symposia {\textbar} {USENIX}},
url = {https://www.usenix.org/conferences/byname/179},
urldate = {2024-06-19},
file = {OSDI Symposia | USENIX:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/VI7YCLJV/179.html:text/html},
}
@article{mittal_survey_2017,
title = {A survey of techniques for architecting {TLBs}},
volume = {29},
rights = {Copyright © 2016 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
issn = {1532-0634},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cpe.4061},
doi = {10.1002/cpe.4061},
abstract = {Translation lookaside buffer ({TLB}) caches virtual to physical address translation information and is used in systems ranging from embedded devices to high-end servers. Because {TLB} is accessed very frequently and a {TLB} miss is extremely costly, prudent management of {TLB} is important for improving performance and energy efficiency of processors. In this paper, we present a survey of techniques for architecting and managing {TLBs}. We characterize the techniques across several dimensions to highlight their similarities and distinctions. We believe that this paper will be useful for chip designers, computer architects, and system engineers.},
pages = {e4061},
number = {10},
journaltitle = {Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience},
author = {Mittal, Sparsh},
urldate = {2024-06-24},
date = {2017},
langid = {english},
note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cpe.4061},
keywords = {classification, power management, prefetching, Review, superpage, {TLB}, virtual cache, workload characterization},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/akilan/Zotero/storage/JJ9H6B2H/cpe.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{lietar_snmalloc_2019,
location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}},
title = {snmalloc: a message passing allocator},
isbn = {978-1-4503-6722-6},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3315573.3329980},
doi = {10.1145/3315573.3329980},
series = {{ISMM} 2019},
shorttitle = {snmalloc},
abstract = {snmalloc is an implementation of malloc aimed at workloads in which objects are typically deallocated by a different thread than the one that had allocated them. We use the term producer/consumer for such workloads. snmalloc uses a novel message passing scheme which returns deallocated objects to the originating allocator in batches without taking any locks. It also uses a novel bump pointer-free list data structure with which just 64-bits of meta-data are sufficient for each 64 {KiB} slab. On such producer/consumer benchmarks our approach performs better than existing allocators. Snmalloc is available at {\textless}a href="https://github.com/Microsoft/snmalloc"{\textgreater}https://github.com/Microsoft/snmalloc{\textless}/a{\textgreater}.},
pages = {122--135},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 {ACM} {SIGPLAN} International Symposium on Memory Management},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Liétar, Paul and Butler, Theodore and Clebsch, Sylvan and Drossopoulou, Sophia and Franco, Juliana and Parkinson, Matthew J. and Shamis, Alex and Wintersteiger, Christoph M. and Chisnall, David},
urldate = {2024-06-23},
date = {2019-06-23},
keywords = {Memory allocation, message passing},
}

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\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{algorithm}
\usepackage{algpseudocode}
\begin{document}
\begin{algorithm}
\caption{Memory Management with CHERI}
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
\State \textbf{Define} FILENAME $\gets "/dev/contigmem"$
\State \textbf{Define} $ptr$ \Comment{Pointer to allocated memory}
\State \textbf{Define} $MallocCounter$ \Comment{Remaining memory size}
\State \textbf{Define} $sizeUsed$ \Comment{Size of used memory}
\Function{INITAlloc}{}
\State $sz \gets 100000000$ \Comment{Set allocation size}
\State $fd \gets \text{open}(FILENAME, O\_RDWR, 0600)$
\If{$fd < 0$}
\State \textbf{Handle Error:} \text{exit}(EXIT\_FAILURE)
\EndIf
\State $offset \gets 0$ \Comment{Offset for seeking}
\If{$\text{ftruncate}(fd, sz) < 0$}
\State \textbf{Handle Error:} \text{close}(fd), \text{exit}(EXIT\_FAILURE)
\EndIf
\State $ptr \gets \text{mmap}(NULL, sz, PROT\_READ | PROT\_WRITE, MAP\_SHARED, fd, 0)$
\If{$ptr = \text{MAP\_FAILED}$}
\State \textbf{Handle Error:} \text{exit}(EXIT\_FAILURE)
\EndIf
\State $MallocCounter \gets sz$
\EndFunction
\Function{malloc}{sz}
\State $sz \gets \text{align\_up}(sz, \text{\_Alignof}(max\_align\_t))$ \Comment{Align the size}
\State $MallocCounter \gets MallocCounter - sz$
\State $ptrLink \gets ptr[MallocCounter]$ \Comment{Allocate memory at the current position}
\State $ptrLink \gets \text{cheri\_setbounds}(ptrLink, sz)$ \Comment{Set bounds for CHERI}
\State \Return $ptrLink$ \Comment{Return the allocated pointer}
\EndFunction
\Function{FREECHERI}{ptr}
\State $len \gets \text{cheri\_getlen}(ptr)$ \Comment{Get the length from pointer bounds}
\State \text{munmap}(ptr, len) \Comment{Unmap the memory}
\EndFunction
\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}
\end{document}

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### General
- [ ] Change name (Thinking of using (Fat Address Translation) -> similar to GNU))
- [ ] Avoid words which create options
- [x] Use citation with ```~/cite{foo}```
- [ ] Clear distinction on Literature review and contribution done
- [x] Generalise capitalisation
- [ ] Avoid several use ex: There are 3 way...
- [x] Instead of "Leverage" -> "use"
- [ ] Remove whitespace from figures to be compressed
- [ ] Uniform font sizes in figures
- [ ] Symmetrical lines on the figure
- [ ] TLB with acronym only once for the first instance in the paper
### Abstract
- [ ] Reduce Abstract to a single paragraph'
- [ ] "Mitigate gap, capacity" -> Expand on for instance on how is it measured.
- [ ] Huge pages moved to the introduction.
- [ ] Robs proposed structure (This paper presents <NAME> user-space memory allocator. It uses capability-based addressing to <list properties>.
### Introduction
- [ ] "It becomes possible" expand more with baseline compressed bounds.
- [ ] "This paper makes the following contribution" -. bullet points with marked sections.
- [ ] Research questions removed.
- [ ] "This implementation" Specify implementation
- [ ] Robs recommended Introduction structure (Expansion of the abstract, Name of the existing system, clearly describe limitation, Introduce memory allocator).
### 2.1 Encoding ranges as bounds
- [x] Repetition "Tracking of memory ranges using information in pointers" -> remove this
- [ ] Paraphrase last sentence
### 2.2 128 bit compressed bounds
- [x] Cites Jemalloc paragraph.
- [ ] Last sentence needs rewriting.
### 2.3 Instrumenting block based allocator
- [ ] Needs citation "Which increases overhead and adds complexity"
- [ ] Elaborate on "this method"
- [ ] "precise" memory management (Elaborate on this and prove which aspects of the other allocator are not precise).
### Memory allocator design
- [x] Remove from heading "sample" and ":"
- [ ] Remove future work paragraph
- [x] "unmapped" -> unmap
- [ ] "Risks of memory leaks with metadata lookups or complex data structures" -> Elaborate on this
### Evaluation
- [x] Name of the project keeps the sentence shorter.
- [x] "Such as" -> Definitive and exhaustive.
- [ ] TLB misses and walk contextualised better.
- [ ] Section reference on evaluation expanded.
- [ ] Remove "Providing a solid foundation for meaningful comparisons"
- [ ] Decide to use Macro or instead "real world C programs"
- [x] 1st section Evaluation remove "We observed...."
- [x] Experiment section typo heading
- [x] Fix Latex benchmarks structure
- [x] Change from "Diagram" to "Figure"
- [ ] Result para 2 -> too wordy
- [x] "aimed" first use of past tense (Recommendation: avoid)
- [x] Last paragraph (More substance)
- [x] Experiment results systematically explained based on benchmarks as bullet points.
- [ ] Rewrite usability
### Related work
- [ ] Related work lifted up after introduction based on the reflection of the feedback.
### Conclusion
- [ ] Rewrite

69
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Recheck require read of the paper
** General changes
- [x] Captilisation fixes
- [x] Check for unessary commas (Requires read through paper)
- [x] Check references (Last priority)
- [x] Unify english grammer (emphasize -> Check british english spellings)
- [x] Text make to italics (For function calls)
- [x] Space missing from bracket
- [x] Utlizing to using
- [x] Small number use word
- [x] Make all past tense to present tense (Recheck)
- [x] Comment out future work section
- [x] Section with always captial S
- [x] RMM fix reference
** Literature review
- [x] TLB reach needs defining
- [x] PTE acronym
- [x] Citation (HP Tunable page table)
- [x] CHERI standardise bullet points into a
paragraph.
** FAT address range table
- [x] Sentence 1 remove "talks about"
- [x] "Lesser pressure" FAT leverages to reduce pressure on the TLB
- [x] Fix "as show" to "as shown"
- [x] Remove "CHERI CC [4] as referred in section 3.2."
to "CHERI CC [4] (section 3.2)"
- [x] Explain Cheri CC in the literature review
- [x] Move Cheri CC reference to it has been observed
- [x] "With FAT rather than using fixed size TLB entries page sizes"
Rephrase this sentence.
- [x] "We use CHERI CC bounds to 344 be dynamic in
size to be defined based on the size provided when
345 calling malloc. Offering a more flexible
alternative than fixed-size 346 TLB entries."
Make this into 1 sentence.
- [x] "To build up based on Section 3.1 and 3.2."
Remove this setence
- [x] "As demonstrated with the allocator implementation in section 4"
Remove this sentence
- [x] "repcrecated" to "replicated"
** Malloc implementation
- [x] "Specifically, the start and end addresses encoded in FAT to provide the necessary information to identify the exact memory block to be deallocated."
Rewrite this sentence
** Evaluation
- [x] 2nd para move to benchmarks section
- [x] "The results (section 5.3)... (comment out)
- [x] "The expirement setup" comment out
- [x] Replace "lesser" with fewer
- [x] "This observation highlights the importance"
Comment out
** Conclusion
- [x] "This approach has helped reduce" -> "This approach reduces"
- [x] "Remove comprehensive"
** Changes
- [x] Fix image
- [x] Integrate Jemalloc to Abstract and Intro
- [x] Integrate to conclusion
- [x] Fix Analysis
- [ ] Read through the entire paper

60
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- [ ] Captilisation fixes
- [ ] Check for unessary commas
- [ ] Check references
- [ ] Unify english grammer
- [ ] Text make to italics (For function calls)
- [ ] Space missing from bracket
- [ ] Utlizing to using
- [ ] Small number use word
- [ ] Check for unusual amount of commas and
String them into a sentence
- [ ] Make all past tense to present tense
- [ ] Comment out future work section
- [ ] Section with always captial S
- [ ] RMM fix reference
** Literature review
- [ ] TLB reach needs defining
- [ ] PTE acronym
- [ ] Citation (HP Tunable page table)
- [x] CHERI standardise bullet points into a
paragraph.
** FAT address range table
- [x] Sentence 1 remove "talks about"
- [x] "Lesser pressure" FAT leverages to reduce pressure on the TLB
- [x] Fix "as show" to "as shown"
- [x] Remove "CHERI CC [4] as referred in section 3.2."
to "CHERI CC [4] (section 3.2)"
- [ ] Explain Cheri CC in the literature review
- [x] Move Cheri CC reference to it has been observed
- [ ] "With FAT rather than using fixed size TLB entries page sizes"
Rephrase this sentence.
- [x] "We use CHERI CC bounds to 344 be dynamic in
size to be defined based on the size provided when
345 calling malloc. Offering a more flexible
alternative than fixed-size 346 TLB entries."
Make this into 1 sentence.
- [x] "To build up based on Section 3.1 and 3.2."
Remove this setence
- [x] "As demonstrated
384 with the allocator implementation in section 4"
Remove this sentence
- [x] "repcrecated" to "replicated"
** Malloc implementation
- [ ] "Specifically, the start and end 448 addresses encoded in FAT to provide the necessary information 449 to identify the exact memory block to be deallocated."
Rewrite this sentence
** Evaluation
- [x] 2nd para move to benchmarks section
- [x] "The results (section 5.3)... (comment out)
- [x] "The expirement setup" comment out
- [x] Replace "lesser" with fewer
- [x] "This observation highlights the importance"
Comment out
** Conclusion
- [x] "This approach has helped reduce" -> "This approach reduces"
- [x] "Remove comprehensive"

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% Created 2025-04-21 Mon 10:25
% Intended LaTeX compiler: pdflatex
\documentclass[11pt]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{capt-of}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\author{Akilan}
\date{\today}
\title{}
\hypersetup{
pdfauthor={Akilan},
pdftitle={},
pdfkeywords={},
pdfsubject={},
pdfcreator={Emacs 30.1 (Org mode 9.7.11)},
pdflang={English}}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
Recheck require read of the paper
\section{General changes}
\label{sec:org525fa77}
\begin{itemize}
\item Captilisation fixes
\item Check for unessary commas (Requires read through paper)
\item Check references (Last priority)
\item Unify english grammer (emphasize -> Check british english spellings)
\item Text make to italics (For function calls)
\item Space missing from bracket
\item Utlizing to using
\item Small number use word
\item Make all past tense to present tense (Recheck)
\item Comment out future work section
\item Section with always captial S
\item RMM fix reference
\end{itemize}
\section{Literature review}
\label{sec:org5f6e72b}
\begin{itemize}
\item TLB reach needs defining
\item PTE acronym
\item Citation (HP Tunable page table)
\item CHERI standardise bullet points into a
paragraph.
\end{itemize}
\section{FAT address range table}
\label{sec:orgc1556d2}
\begin{itemize}
\item Sentence 1 remove "talks about"
\item "Lesser pressure" FAT leverages to reduce pressure on the TLB
\item Fix "as show" to "as shown"
\item Remove "CHERI CC [4] as referred in section 3.2."
to "CHERI CC [4] (section 3.2)"
\item Explain Cheri CC in the literature review
\item Move Cheri CC reference to it has been observed
\item "With FAT rather than using fixed size TLB entries page sizes"
Rephrase this sentence.
\item "We use CHERI CC bounds to 344 be dynamic in
size to be defined based on the size provided when
345 calling malloc. Offering a more flexible
alternative than fixed-size 346 TLB entries."
Make this into 1 sentence.
\item "To build up based on Section 3.1 and 3.2."
Remove this setence
\item "As demonstrated with the allocator implementation in section 4"
Remove this sentence
\item "repcrecated" to "replicated"
\end{itemize}
\section{Malloc implementation}
\label{sec:org8098e0d}
\begin{itemize}
\item "Specifically, the start and end addresses encoded in FAT to provide the necessary information to identify the exact memory block to be deallocated."
Rewrite this sentence
\end{itemize}
\section{Evaluation}
\label{sec:org67b48c5}
\begin{itemize}
\item 2nd para move to benchmarks section
\item "The results (section 5.3)\ldots{} (comment out)
\item "The expirement setup" comment out
\item Replace "lesser" with fewer
\item "This observation highlights the importance"
Comment out
\end{itemize}
\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:orge940240}
\begin{itemize}
\item "This approach has helped reduce" -> "This approach reduces"
\item "Remove comprehensive"
\end{itemize}
\end{document}

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RMM

385
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This package provides a class for typesetting publications of the
Association for Computing Machinery.
Your TeX distribution probably includes the latest released version of
this package. If you decide to install it yourself, please see the
Installation section of the User's Guide.
Please note that the version on Github is a development (or
experimental) version: please download it for testing new features.
The production version is the one on CTAN and ACM sites.
Changes
Version 2.08. Section titles are in lowercase now.
Documentation updates.
Version 2.07. Corrected typo in TELO eISSN.
Version 2.06. Added eISSN for a number of journals.
ACM no longer collects or prints authors'
postal addresses
Version 2.05 Changed title for TELO.
Version 2.04 Compatibility with the new latex-dev format
eSSN is always printed, even if pSSN is present
Wording change in copyright statement
Version 2.03 Cleaned generation of samples.
New options for printing conference proceedings
in ACM journals
Version 2.02 Documentation update.
Changes in TOG templates
Corrected typo in ACM/IMS journals
Version 2.01 \acmPrice now produces a warning.
Version 2.00 ACM switches to electronic only version.
We do not print article tabs anymore.
New copyright wording.
Deleted \acmPrice.
Version 1.93 Added PACMSE
Version 1.92 Documentation update
Emergency change: changed order of hyperref and hyperxmp
due to changes in the undelying packages
Version 1.91 Minor changes in ACMCP format
Version 1.90a Changes in the sample keywords and concepts
Version 1.90 Journal ISSN updated
Version 1.89a Added version info to .bst
Version 1.89 Bug fixes
Redesign of ACMCP
New positioning of badges
New journals: PACMMOD, TOPML
Version 1.88 New ISSNs
Documentation updates
New journal: PACMNET
Version 1.87 CC license is allowed for non-acm documents and ACM Engage
documents only
New format acmcp for the cover page
New journals: JATS, ACMJCSS, TORS
Bug fixes
Version 1.86. Empty country in affiliation now produces an error
Bug fixes
New samples for acmengage
Version 1.85. Bug fixes
Added support for Creative Commons licenses (requires
doclicense images)
New journals
New format acmengage for ACM Engage CSEdu course materials
Version 1.84 Support for BibLaTeX rewritten (thanks to
Roberto Di Cosmo and Kartik Singhal)
Corrected German translation (thanks to Dirk Beyer)
New journals
Version 1.83 Support for multilanguage papers
ISSN changes for some journals
Version 1.82 Bug fixes.
New command \anon for anonymization of short strings.
Documentation update.
Version 1.81 Bug fixes
New bib field distinctURL to print URL even if doi is present.
Reworded samples
Version 1.80 New journals: DLT, FAC
Version 1.79 Fixed pages with index
(https://github.com/borisveytsman/acmart/issues/440)
Updated information for TAP, TCPS, TEAC
Version 1.78 Documentation update.
Magic texcount comments for samples.
Title page now is split if there are too many authors
Bug fixes.
Version 1.77 Changed the way to typeset multiple affiliations (Christoph Sommer)
Version 1.76 Added many journal abbreviations to the bst.
New experimental option: pbalance
ORCID linking code
Version 1.75 Omitted \country now produces error.
Added \AtBeginMaketitle
Version 1.74 Bug fixes. A regression introduced in the font changes
is reverted.
Version 1.73 Bug fixes
The elements institution, city and country are now obligatory
for affiliations. The absence of them produces a warning
Version 1.72 Bug fixes. Better handling of metadata.
Version 1.71 Bug fixes
Formats sigchi and sigchi-a are retired
Bibliography formatting changes for @inproceedings entries
having both series and volume
LuaLaTeX now uses the same OTF fonts as XeLaTeX
Version 1.70 Title change for ACM/IMS Transactions on Data Science
Bug fixes for bibliography
Version 1.69 Bug fixes
Compatibility with LaTeX 2020-02-02 release
Version 1.68 Bug fixes
BST now recognizes words `Paper' or 'Article' in
eid or articleno
Version 1.67 Urgent bug fixes:
BibTeX style bug fixed (Michael D. Adams)
Sigplan special section bugfix
Version 1.66 Bug fixes
BibTeX change: location is now a synonym for city (Feras Saad)
ACM reference format is now mandatory for papers over one page.
CCS concepts and keywords are now mandatory for
papers over two pages.
Authors' addresses are mandatory for journal articles.
Version 1.65 Bug fixes
New journal: DGOV
DTRAP and HEALTH are now using acmlarge format
Version 1.64 Produce error if abstract is entered after maketitle
(previously abstract was silently dropped)
Bug fixes for line numbering
Version 1.63a Moved TQUANT to TQC
Version 1.63 New journals: TQUANT, FACMP
Version 1.62 Documentation update
New journal: TELO
Bug fixes
Version 1.61 Bug fixes
New bibtex types for artifacts
Version 1.60 New option: urlbreakonhyphens (thanks to Peter Kemp)
Smaller header size for acmsmall
Version 1.59 Now a journal format can be used for conference proceedings
All samples are now generated from the same .dtx file
Bug fixes
Version 1.58 Suppressed spurious warnings.
New journal: HEALTH.
TDSCI is renamed to TDS.
Version 1.57 Change of \baselinestretch now produces an error
Booktabs is now always loaded
Added option `balance' to balance last page in two-column mode
E-mail is no longer split in addresses
New samples (Stephen Spencer)
Version 1.56 Bug fixes
Added \flushbottom to two column formats (Philip Quinn)
The final punctuation for the list of concepts
is now a period instead of a semicolon (Philip Quinn)
New command \Description to describe images for visually
impaired users.
Version 1.55 Bug fixes
Font changes for SIGCHI table captions
Version 1.54 New option: 'nonacm' (Gabriel Scherer)
Deleted indent for subsubsection (suggested by Ross Moore)
Suppressed some obscurious warning in BibTeX processing
Suppressed hyperrerf warnings (Paolo G. Giarrusso)
New code for sections to help with accessibility patches
(Ross Moore)
Submission id, if present, is printed in anon mode
Bug fixes
Version 1.53 New journals: PACMCGIT, TIOT, TDSCI
Version 1.52 Another rewording of licenses
Version 1.51 Journal footers now use abbreviated journal titles.
Corrected the bug with acmPrice.
Do not show price when copyright is set to iw3c2w3 and iw3c2w3g.
The package now is compatible with polyglossia (Joachim Breitner).
Slightly reworded copyright statements.
Version 1.50 Changes in iw3c2w3 and iw3c2w3g
Version 1.49 New jorunal: DTRAP
Version 1.48 Bug fixes
Review mode now switches on folios
Code prettying (Michael D. Adams)
Bibliography changes: @MISC entries no longer have a
separate date
Sigch-a sample bibliography renamed
Bib code cleanup (Zack Weinberg)
Acmart and version info are added to pdfcreator tag
\citeyear no longer produces parenthetical year
Added initial support for Biblatex (Daniel Thomas)
Added support for IW3C2 conferences
Version 1.47 New journal: THRI
Version 1.46 Bug fixes for bibliography: label width is now calculated
correctly.
All PACM now use screen option. This requires etoolbox.
Added subtitle to ACM reference format.
Now acmart is compatible with fontspec.
\thanks is now obsolete. The addresses are automatically
added to the journal version; this can be overriden with
\authorsaddresses command.
Deleted the rule at the end of frontmatter for all formats.
Deleted new line before doi in the reference format.
Reintegrated theorem code into acmart.dtx (Matthew Fluet)
Version 1.45 Workaround for a Libertine bug. Thanks to LianTze Lim
from Overleaf
Version 1.44 Bug fixes.
Empty DOI and ISBN suppress printing DOI or ISBN lines
Separated theorem code into acmthm.sty, loaded by default.
Article number can be set for proceedings.
New commands: \acmBooktile, \editor.
Reference citation format updated.
Version 1.43 Bug fixes
Version 1.42 Deleted ACM badges
Bug fixes
Version 1.41 Rearranged bib files
Added new badges
Version 1.40 Bibliography changes
Added processing of one-compoment ccsdesc nodes
Bug fixes.
Made the height a multiple of \baselineskip + \topskip
Added cleveref
We no longer print street address in SIGs
Version 1.39 Added \authornotemark commmand
Version 1.38 Increase default font size for SIGPLAN
Version 1.37 Reduce list indentation (Matthew Fluet)
Version 1.36 Bug fixes
Moved PACMPL to acmlarge format
New journal: PACMHCI
Added the possibility to adjust number of author
boxes per row in conference formats
Version 1.35 Author-year bib style now uses square brackets.
Changed defaults for TOG sample
Price is suppressed for usgov and rightsretained modes.
Bugs fixed
Version 1.34 Deleted DOI from doi numbers
Changed bibstrip formatting
The command \terms is now obsolete
The rulers in review mode now have continuous numbering
Version 1.33 New option `timestamp' (Michael D. Adams)
New option `authordraft'
Documentation updates
Bug fixes
We now use Type 1 versions of Libertine fonts even with XeTeX.
New hook acmart-preload-hook.tex (wizards only!)
Added new options `obeypunctuation' for \affiliation command
Added SubmissionID
Added right line count ruler for two-column formats
Added workaround for Adobe Acrobat bugs in selection
Added eid field to the bibliography
Version 1.32 New DOI formatting.
Format siggraph is now obsolete, and sigconf
is used instead.
New proceedings title: POMACS.
Version 1.31 Changed default year and month to the current ones
(thanks to Matteo Riondato)
Table of contents now works
Marginalia now work in all formats
New command \additionalaffiliation
Documentation changes
Version 1.30 Bibtex style now recognizes https:// in doi.
Added \frenchspacing.
\department now has an optional hierarchy level.
Switched to T1 encoding
Updated IMWUT and PACMPL
Version 1.29 Documentation changes. Head height increased from 12pt to 13pt.
Removed spurious indent at start of abstract.
Improved kerning in CCS description list.
Version 1.28 Bug fixes: natbib=false now behaves correctly.
Version 1.27 Bug fixes
Version 1.26 Bug fixes
Version 1.25 Updated PACMPL journal option.
Version 1.24 Added IMWUT journal option.
Version 1.23 Added PACM PL journal option.
Version 1.22 Bibliography changes for Aptara backend; should be
invisible for the users.
Version 1.21 Bibliography changes: added arXiv, some cleanup
Version 1.20 Bug fixes, documentation updates
Version 1.19 Include 'Abstract', 'Acknowledgements', and 'References'
in PDF bookmarks.
Version 1.18 Natbib is now the default for all versions. A unified bib
file is used for all styles. Better treatment
of multiple affiliations.
Version 1.17 Formatting changes for margins and lists. Bug fixes.
Version 1.16 Formatting changes for headers and footers.
Version 1.15 New structured affiliation command.
New commands for acknowledgements.
Version 1.14 Warn about undefined citation styles; move definitions
of acmauthoryear and acmnumeric citation styles before
use.
Version 1.13 Formatting changes: headers, folios etc.
Bibliography changes.
Version 1.12 Bug fixes and documentation updates.
Footnotes rearranged.
Option natbib is now mostly superfluous: the class
makes a guess based on the format chosen.
Version 1.11 Customization of ACM theorem styles and proof
environment (Matthew Fluet).
Version 1.10 Bug fixes
Version 1.09 SIGPLAN: revert caption rules (Matthew Fluet)
Version 1.08 SIGPLAN reformatting (Matthew Fluet); bug fixes

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@Misc{TeXFAQ,
title = {{UK} List of {\TeX} Frequently Asked Questions},
author = {{UK \TeX{} Users Group}},
year = 2019,
howpublished = {\url{https://texfaq.org}}
}
@Manual{Downes04:amsart,
title = {The \textsf{amsart}, \textsf{amsproc}, and
\textsf{amsbook} document~classes},
author = {Michael Downes and Barbara Beeton},
organization = {American Mathematical Society},
year = 2004,
month = aug,
note = {\url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/amslatex}}
}
@Manual{Fiorio15,
title = {{a}lgorithm2e.sty---package for algorithms},
author = {Cristophe Fiorio},
year = 2015,
month = oct,
note = {\url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/algorithm2e}}
}
@Manual{Brito09,
title = {The algorithms bundle},
author = {Rog\'erio Brito},
year = 2009,
month = aug,
note = {\url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/algorithms}}
}
@Manual{Heinz15,
title = {The Listings Package},
author = {Carsten Heinz and Brooks Moses and Jobst Hoffmann},
year = 2015,
month = jun,
note = {\url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/listings}}
}
@Manual{Fear05,
title = {Publication quality tables in {\LaTeX}},
author = {Simon Fear},
year = 2005,
month = apr,
note = {\url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/booktabs}}
}
@Manual{ACMIdentityStandards,
title = {{ACM} Visual Identity Standards},
organization = {Association for Computing Machinery},
year = 2007,
note = {\url{http://identitystandards.acm.org}}
}
@Manual{Sommerfeldt13:Subcaption,
title = {The subcaption package},
author = {Axel Sommerfeldt},
year = 2013,
month = apr,
note = {\url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/subcaption}}
}
@Manual{Nomencl,
title = {A package to create a nomenclature},
author = {Boris Veytsman and Bern Schandl and Lee Netherton
and C. V. Radhakrishnan},
year = 2005,
month = sep,
note = {\url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/nomencl}}
}
@Manual{Talbot16:Glossaries,
title = {User Manual for glossaries.sty v4.44},
author = {Nicola L. C. Talbot},
year = 2019,
month = dec,
note = {\url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/glossaries}}
}
@Manual{Carlisle04:Textcase,
title = {The \textsl{textcase} package},
author = {David Carlisle},
month = oct,
year = 2004,
note = {\url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/textcase}}
}
@Manual{Braams22:Babel,
title = {Babel},
author = {Johannes L. Braams and Javier Bezos},
year = 2022,
note = {\url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/babel}}}

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%
% Doctrip file for acmart
% This file is in public domain
% $Id: acmart.ins,v 1.1 2015/11/23 22:42:55 boris Exp $
%
\def\batchfile{acmart.ins}
\input docstrip
\keepsilent
\showprogress
\askforoverwritefalse
\generate{%
\file{acmart.cls}{\from{acmart.dtx}{class}}
}
\obeyspaces
\Msg{*****************************************************}%
\Msg{* Congratulations! You successfully generated the *}%
\Msg{* acmart package. *}%
\Msg{* *}%
\Msg{* Please move the file acmart.cls to where LaTeX *}%
\Msg{* files are stored in your system. The manual is *}%
\Msg{* acmart.pdf. *}%
\Msg{* *}%
\Msg{* The package is released under LPPL *}%
\Msg{* *}%
\Msg{* Happy TeXing! *}%
\Msg{*****************************************************}%

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\ProvidesFile{acmauthoryear.bbx}[2022-02-14 v0.1 biblatex bibliography style]
% Inherit a default style
\RequireBibliographyStyle{authoryear-comp}
%%% New command definitions from trad-standard.bbx
\newcommand*{\newcommaunit}{\@ifstar\newcommaunitStar\newcommaunitNoStar}
\newcommand*{\newcommaunitStar}{\setunit*{\addcomma\space}}
\newcommand*{\newcommaunitNoStar}{\setunit{\addcomma\space}}
%%% Forward compatibility for date+extradate
\ifcsundef{ifbibmacroundef}{
\ifcsundef{abx@macro@date+extradate}{ %%% For really really old biblatex that miss \ifbibmacroundef
\blx@warning{bibmacro 'date+extradate' is missing.\MessageBreak
Please consider updating your version of biblatex.\MessageBreak
Using 'date+extrayear' instead}%
\providebibmacro*{date+extradate}{\usebibmacro{date+extrayear}}
}{}
}
{
\ifbibmacroundef{date+extradate}{
\blx@warning{bibmacro 'date+extradate' is missing.\MessageBreak
Please consider updating your version of biblatex.\MessageBreak
Using 'date+extrayear' instead}%
\providebibmacro*{date+extradate}{\usebibmacro{date+extrayear}}
}{}
}
%%% Localisation strings for ACM
\DefineBibliographyStrings{american}{%
mathesis = {Master's thesis},
phdthesis = {Ph\adddot{}D\adddotspace Dissertation},
editor = {(Ed\adddot)},
editors = {(Eds\adddot)},
edition = {ed\adddot},
}
%%% Formatting for fields
%\DeclareFieldFormat
% [article,inbook,incollection,inproceedings,patent,thesis,unpublished]
% {title}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{pages}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{numpages}{#1 pages}
\DeclareFieldFormat{number}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{articleno}{Article #1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{key}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{urldate}{Retrieved\space{}#1\space{}from}
\DeclareFieldFormat{lastaccessed}{Retrieved\space{}#1\space{}from}
\DeclareFieldFormat{url}{\url{#1}}
\DeclareFieldFormat{edition}{%
\printtext[parens]{\ifinteger{#1}
{\mkbibordedition{#1}~\bibstring{edition}}
{#1\isdot~\bibstring{edition}}}}
% Handle urls field containing 'and' separated list of URLs
% https://github.com/plk/biblatex/issues/229
\DeclareListFormat{urls}{%
\url{#1}%
\ifthenelse{\value{listcount}<\value{liststop}}
{\addcomma\space}
{}}
\renewbibmacro*{url}{\iffieldundef{url}{\printlist{urls}}{\printfield{url}}}
%%% Bibmacro definitions
\renewbibmacro*{translator+others}{%
\ifboolexpr{
test \ifusetranslator
and
not test {\ifnameundef{translator}}
}
{\printnames{translator}%
\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
\usebibmacro{translator+othersstrg}%
\clearname{translator}}
{\printfield{key}}}
\newbibmacro*{year}{%
\iffieldundef{year}%
{\printtext{[n.\ d.]}}%
{\printfield{year}}%
}
\renewbibmacro*{date}{\printtext[parens]{\printdate}}
\renewbibmacro*{url+urldate}{\iffieldundef{urlyear}
{\iffieldundef{lastaccessed}
{}
{\printfield{lastaccessed}%
\setunit*{\addspace}}%
}
{\usebibmacro{urldate}%
\setunit*{\addspace}}%
\usebibmacro{url}%
}
\renewbibmacro*{journal+issuetitle}{%
\usebibmacro{journal}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\iffieldundef{series}
{}
{\newunit%
\printfield{series}%
\setunit{\addspace}}%
\usebibmacro{volume+number+date+pages+eid}%
\newcommaunit%
% \setunit{\addspace}%
\usebibmacro{issue-issue}%
\setunit*{\addcolon\space}%
\usebibmacro{issue}%
\newunit}
\newbibmacro*{volume+number+date+pages+eid}{%
\printfield{volume}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{number}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{articleno}
\setunit{\addcomma\space}
\usebibmacro{date-ifmonth}
\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
\iffieldundef{pages}%
{\printfield{numpages}}%
{\printfield{pages}}%
\newcommaunit%
\printfield{eid}}%
\renewbibmacro*{chapter+pages}{%
\printfield{chapter}%
\setunit{\bibpagespunct}%
\iffieldundef{pages}%
{\printfield{numpages}}%
{\printfield{pages}}%
\newunit}
\renewbibmacro*{editor+others}{%
\ifboolexpr{
test \ifuseeditor
and
not test {\ifnameundef{editor}}
}
{\printnames{editor}%
\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
\usebibmacro{editor+othersstrg}%
\clearname{editor}}
{\iflistundef{organization}{}{\printlist{organization}}}
\usebibmacro{date+extradate}
}
\newbibmacro*{issue-issue}{%
\iffieldundef{issue}%
{}%
{\printfield{issue}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\usebibmacro{date-ifmonth}%
}%
\newunit}
\newbibmacro*{maintitle+booktitle+series+number}{%
\iffieldundef{maintitle}
{}
{\usebibmacro{maintitle}%
\newunit\newblock
\iffieldundef{volume}
{}
{\printfield{volume}%
\printfield{part}%
\setunit{\addcolon\space}}}%
\usebibmacro{booktitle}%
\setunit*{\addspace}
\printfield[parens]{series}%
\setunit*{\addspace}%
\printfield{number}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{articleno}
\newunit
}
\renewbibmacro*{booktitle}{%
\ifboolexpr{
test {\iffieldundef{booktitle}}
and
test {\iffieldundef{booksubtitle}}
}
{}
{\printtext[booktitle]{%
\printfield[titlecase]{booktitle}%
\iffieldundef{booksubtitle}{}{
\setunit{\subtitlepunct}%
\printfield[titlecase]{booksubtitle}}%
}%
}%
\printfield{booktitleaddon}}
\renewbibmacro*{volume+number+eid}{%
\printfield{volume}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{number}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{articleno}
\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{eid}}
\renewbibmacro*{publisher+location+date}{%
\printlist{publisher}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printlist{location}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\usebibmacro{date-ifmonth}%
\newunit}
\newbibmacro{date-ifmonth}{%
\iffieldundef{month}{}{%
\usebibmacro{date}
}%
}
\renewbibmacro*{institution+location+date}{%
\printlist{school}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printlist{institution}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printlist{location}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\usebibmacro{date-ifmonth}%
\newunit}
\renewbibmacro*{periodical}{%
\iffieldundef{title}
{}
{\printtext[title]{%
\printfield[titlecase]{title}%
\setunit{\subtitlepunct}%
\printfield[titlecase]{subtitle}}}%
\newunit%
\usebibmacro{journal}}
\renewbibmacro*{issue+date}{%
\iffieldundef{issue}
{\usebibmacro{date}}
{\printfield{issue}%
\setunit*{\addspace}%
\usebibmacro{date}}%
\newunit}
\renewbibmacro*{title+issuetitle}{%
\usebibmacro{periodical}%
\setunit*{\addspace}%
\iffieldundef{series}
{}
{\newunit
\printfield{series}%
\setunit{\addspace}}%
\printfield{volume}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{number}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{articleno}
\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{eid}%
\setunit{\addspace}%
\usebibmacro{issue+date}%
\setunit{\addcolon\space}%
\usebibmacro{issue}%
\newunit}
\renewbibmacro*{doi+eprint+url}{%
\iftoggle{bbx:url}
{\iffieldundef{doi}{
\usebibmacro{url+urldate}
}{\iffieldundef{distinctURL}
{}
{\usebibmacro{url+urldate}}
}
}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:eprint}
{\usebibmacro{eprint}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:doi}
{\printfield{doi}}
{}}
%%% Definitions for drivers (alphabetical)
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{article}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock%
\usebibmacro{title}%
\newunit%
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock%
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock%
\usebibmacro{bytranslator+others}%
\newunit\newblock%
\printfield{version}%
\newunit\newblock%
\usebibmacro{journal+issuetitle}%
\newunit%
\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}%
\newunit%
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock%
\iftoggle{bbx:isbn}
{\printfield{isbn}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock%
\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}%
\newunit\newblock%
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock%
\usebibmacro{related}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{book}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\usebibmacro{author/editor+others/translator+others}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{maintitle+title}%
\newunit%
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{edition}%
\newunit
\usebibmacro{series+number}%
\iffieldundef{maintitle}
{\printfield{volume}%
\printfield{part}}
{}%
\newunit
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{volumes}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{chapter+pages}%
\newunit
\printfield{pagetotal}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:isbn}
{\printfield{isbn}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:related}
{\usebibmacro{related:init}%
\usebibmacro{related}}
{}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{inbook}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\iffieldundef{author}%
{\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}}%
{\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{title}%
\newunit
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
% \usebibmacro{in:}%
\usebibmacro{bybookauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{maintitle+booktitle}%
\newunit\newblock
\iffieldundef{author}{}%if undef then we already printed editor
{\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{edition}%
\newunit
\iffieldundef{maintitle}
{\printfield{volume}%
\printfield{part}}
{}%
\newunit
\printfield{volumes}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{series+number}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{chapter+pages}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:isbn}
{\printfield{isbn}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:related}
{\usebibmacro{related:init}%
\usebibmacro{related}}
{}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{incollection}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{title}%
\newunit
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{in:}%
\usebibmacro{maintitle+booktitle}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{series+number}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{edition}%
\newunit
\iffieldundef{maintitle}
{\printfield{volume}%
\printfield{part}}
{}%
\newunit
\printfield{volumes}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{chapter+pages}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:isbn}
{\printfield{isbn}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:related}
{\usebibmacro{related:init}%
\usebibmacro{related}}
{}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{inproceedings}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{title}%
\newunit
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{in:}%
\usebibmacro{maintitle+booktitle+series+number}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{event+venue+date}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}%
\newunit\newblock
\iffieldundef{maintitle}
{\printfield{volume}%
\printfield{part}}
{}%
\newunit
\printfield{volumes}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock
\printlist{organization}%
\newunit
\usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{chapter+pages}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:isbn}
{\printfield{isbn}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:related}
{\usebibmacro{related:init}%
\usebibmacro{related}}
{}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{manual}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\usebibmacro{author/editor+others}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{title}%
\newunit
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byeditor}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{edition}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{series+number}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{type}%
\newunit
\printfield{version}%
\newunit
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock
\printlist{organization}%
\newunit
\usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{chapter+pages}%
\newunit
\printfield{pagetotal}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:isbn}
{\printfield{isbn}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:related}
{\usebibmacro{related:init}%
\usebibmacro{related}}
{}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{misc}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\usebibmacro{author/editor+others/translator+others}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{title}%
\newunit
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{howpublished}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{type}%
\newunit
\printfield{version}%
\newunit
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{organization+location+date}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:related}
{\usebibmacro{related:init}%
\usebibmacro{related}}
{}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{online}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\usebibmacro{author/editor+others/translator+others}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{title}%
\newunit
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{version}%
\newunit
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock
\printlist{organization}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{date-ifmonth}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:eprint}
{\usebibmacro{eprint}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{url+urldate}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:related}
{\usebibmacro{related:init}%
\usebibmacro{related}}
{}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
\DeclareFieldFormat[patent]{number}{Patent No.~#1}
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{patent}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\usebibmacro{author}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{title}%
\newunit
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{date}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{type}%
\setunit*{\addspace}%
\printfield{number}%
\iflistundef{location}
{}
{\setunit*{\addspace}%
\printtext[parens]{%
\printlist[][-\value{listtotal}]{location}}}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byholder}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:related}
{\usebibmacro{related:init}%
\usebibmacro{related}}
{}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{periodical}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\usebibmacro{editor}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{title+issuetitle}%
\newunit
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byeditor}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:isbn}
{\printfield{issn}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:related}
{\usebibmacro{related:init}%
\usebibmacro{related}}
{}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{report}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\usebibmacro{author}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{title}%
\newunit
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{type}%
\setunit*{\addspace}%
\printfield{number}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{version}%
\newunit
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{institution+location+date}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{chapter+pages}%
\newunit
\printfield{pagetotal}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:isbn}
{\printfield{isrn}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:related}
{\usebibmacro{related:init}%
\usebibmacro{related}}
{}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{thesis}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\usebibmacro{author}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{title}%
\newunit
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{type}%
\newunit
\usebibmacro{institution+location+date}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{chapter+pages}%
\newunit
\printfield{pagetotal}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:isbn}
{\printfield{isbn}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:related}
{\usebibmacro{related:init}%
\usebibmacro{related}}
{}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
%
% Include support for software entries
%
\blx@inputonce{software.bbx}{biblatex style for software}{}{}{}{}
%
% Handle ACM specific ArtifactSoftware entry exactly as the software entry (a soft alias will not work)
%
\DeclareStyleSourcemap{
\maps[datatype=bibtex]{
\map{
\step[typesource=artifactsoftware,typetarget=software]
\step[typesource=artifactdataset,typetarget=dataset]
}
}
}
%%% Compatibility with ACM bibtex formatting
%
% Show given name first in the reference list
%
\DeclareNameAlias{sortname}{given-family}
%
% Produce a bibliography with small font size
%
\renewcommand*{\bibfont}{\bibliofont\footnotesize}
%
% Remove parentheses from date+extradate
%
\RequirePackage{xpatch}
\xpatchbibmacro{date+extradate}{%
\printtext[parens]%
}{%
\newblock\setunit*{.\space}%
\printtext%
}{}{}
%%% Set option values for ACM style
\ExecuteBibliographyOptions{
dashed=false, % Do not use dashes for bibliography items with the same set of authors
labeldate=year,
abbreviate=true,
dateabbrev=true,
isbn=true,
doi=true,
urldate=comp,
url=true,
maxbibnames=9,
maxcitenames=2,
backref=false,
sorting=nty,
halid=true,
swhid=true,
swlabels=true,
vcs=true,
license=false,
language=american
}

219
docs/RISCV-FAT/acmauthoryear.cbx Normal file
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\ProvidesFile{acmauthoryear.cbx}[2022-02-14 v0.1]
\RequireCitationStyle{authoryear-comp}
\RequirePackage{xpatch}
%
% Hyperlink citations like acmart natbib implementation
%
% From https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/27615/133551
% Combine label and labelyear links
\xpatchbibmacro{cite}
{\usebibmacro{cite:label}%
\setunit{\printdelim{nonameyeardelim}}%
\usebibmacro{cite:labeldate+extradate}}
{\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
\DeclareFieldAlias{bibhyperref}{default}%
\usebibmacro{cite:label}%
\setunit{\printdelim{nonameyeardelim}}%
\usebibmacro{cite:labeldate+extradate}}}
{}
{\PackageWarning{biblatex-patch}
{Failed to patch cite bibmacro}}
% Include labelname in labelyear link
\xpatchbibmacro{cite}
{\printnames{labelname}%
\setunit{\printdelim{nameyeardelim}}%
\usebibmacro{cite:labeldate+extradate}}
{\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
\DeclareFieldAlias{bibhyperref}{default}%
\printnames{labelname}%
\setunit{\printdelim{nameyeardelim}}%
\usebibmacro{cite:labeldate+extradate}}}
{}
{\PackageWarning{biblatex-patch}
{Failed to patch cite bibmacro}}
\renewbibmacro*{textcite}{%
\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}
{\iffieldundef{shorthand}
{\ifthenelse{\iffieldequals{labelyear}{\cbx@lastyear}\AND
\(\value{multicitecount}=0\OR\iffieldundef{postnote}\)}
{\setunit{\addcomma}%
\usebibmacro{cite:extradate}}
{\setunit{\compcitedelim}%
\usebibmacro{cite:labeldate+extradate}%
\savefield{labelyear}{\cbx@lastyear}}}
{\setunit{\compcitedelim}%
\usebibmacro{cite:shorthand}%
\global\undef\cbx@lastyear}}
{\ifnameundef{labelname}
{\iffieldundef{shorthand}
{\usebibmacro{cite:label}%
\setunit{%
\global\booltrue{cbx:parens}%
\printdelim{nonameyeardelim}\bibopenbracket}%
\ifnumequal{\value{citecount}}{1}
{\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{}%
\usebibmacro{cite:labeldate+extradate}}
{\usebibmacro{cite:shorthand}}}
{\printnames{labelname}%
\setunit{%
\global\booltrue{cbx:parens}%
\printdelim{nameyeardelim}\bibopenbracket}%
\ifnumequal{\value{citecount}}{1}
{\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{}%
\iffieldundef{shorthand}
{\iffieldundef{labelyear}
{\usebibmacro{cite:label}}
{\usebibmacro{cite:labeldate+extradate}}%
\savefield{labelyear}{\cbx@lastyear}}
{\usebibmacro{cite:shorthand}%
\global\undef\cbx@lastyear}}%
\stepcounter{textcitecount}%
\savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}}%
\setunit{%
\ifbool{cbx:parens}
{\bibclosebracket\global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}}
{}%
\textcitedelim}}
\xpatchbibmacro{textcite}
{\printnames{labelname}}
{\printtext[bibhyperref]{\printnames{labelname}}}
{}
{\PackageWarning{biblatex-patch}
{Failed to patch textcite bibmacro}}
\renewbibmacro*{textcite:postnote}{%
\usebibmacro{postnote}%
\ifthenelse{\value{multicitecount}=\value{multicitetotal}}
{\setunit{}%
\printtext{%
\ifbool{cbx:parens}
{\bibclosebracket\global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}}
{}}}
{\setunit{%
\ifbool{cbx:parens}
{\bibclosebracket\global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}}
{}%
\textcitedelim}}}
% NEW
\newbibmacro*{citeauthor}{%
\ifnameundef{labelname}
{\iffieldundef{shorthand}
{\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
\usebibmacro{cite:label}}%
\setunit{%
\global\booltrue{cbx:parens}%
\printdelim{nonameyeardelim}\bibopenbracket}%
\ifnumequal{\value{citecount}}{1}
{\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{}%
\printtext[bibhyperref]{\usebibmacro{cite:labeldate+extradate}}}
{\printtext[bibhyperref]{\usebibmacro{cite:shorthand}}}}
\printtext[bibhyperref]{\printnames{labelname}}}
%
% Put brackets around citations
%
\DeclareCiteCommand{\cite}[\mkbibbrackets]
{\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
\usebibmacro{cite}}
{}
{\usebibmacro{postnote}}
\DeclareCiteCommand*{\cite}[\mkbibbrackets]
{\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
\usebibmacro{citeyear}}
{}
{\usebibmacro{postnote}}
\DeclareCiteCommand{\parencite}[\mkbibbrackets]
{\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
\usebibmacro{cite}}
{}
{\usebibmacro{postnote}}
\DeclareCiteCommand*{\parencite}[\mkbibbrackets]
{\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
\usebibmacro{citeyear}}
{}
{\usebibmacro{postnote}}
\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\parencites}[\mkbibbrackets]{\parencite}
{\setunit{\multicitedelim}}
\DeclareCiteCommand{\footcite}[\mkbibfootnote]
{\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
\usebibmacro{cite}}
{}
{\usebibmacro{postnote}}
\DeclareCiteCommand{\footcitetext}[\mkbibfootnotetext]
{\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
\usebibmacro{cite}}
{}
{\usebibmacro{postnote}}
\DeclareCiteCommand{\smartcite}[\iffootnote\mkbibbrackets\mkbibfootnote]
{\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
\usebibmacro{cite}}
{}
{\usebibmacro{postnote}}
\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\smartcites}[\iffootnote\mkbibbrackets\mkbibfootnote]
{\smartcite}{\setunit{\multicitedelim}}
\DeclareCiteCommand{\citeauthor}
{\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
\usebibmacro{citeauthor}}
{}
{\usebibmacro{postnote}}
\DeclareCiteCommand{\citeyear}
{\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
\usebibmacro{citeyear}}
{}
{\usebibmacro{postnote}}
\DeclareCiteCommand{\citeyearpar}[\mkbibbrackets]
{\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
\usebibmacro{citeyear}}
{}
{\usebibmacro{postnote}}
%
% Provide aliases for natbib-compatible commands
%
\newcommand*{\citep}{\parencite}
\newcommand*{\citet}{\textcite}
% add others here
\endinput

33
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% Teach biblatex about numpages field
\DeclareDatamodelFields[type=field, datatype=literal]{numpages}
\DeclareDatamodelEntryfields{numpages}
% Teach biblatex about articleno field
\DeclareDatamodelFields[type=field, datatype=literal]{articleno}
\DeclareDatamodelEntryfields{articleno}
% Teach biblatex about urls field
\DeclareDatamodelFields[type=list, datatype=uri]{urls}
\DeclareDatamodelEntryfields{urls}
% Teach biblatex about school field
\DeclareDatamodelFields[type=list, datatype=literal]{school}
\DeclareDatamodelEntryfields[thesis]{school}
\DeclareDatamodelFields[type=field, datatype=literal]{key}
\DeclareDatamodelEntryfields{key}
% Teach biblatex about lastaccessed field
\DeclareDatamodelFields[type=field,datatype=literal]{lastaccessed}
\DeclareDatamodelEntryfields{lastaccessed}
% Teach biblatex about distincturl field
\DeclareDatamodelFields[type=field, datatype=literal]{distinctURL}
\DeclareDatamodelEntryfields{distinctURL}
%
% include software data model from biblatex-software
%
\blx@inputonce{software.dbx}{biblatex data model extension for software}{}{}{}{}

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885
docs/RISCV-FAT/acmnumeric.bbx Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,885 @@
\ProvidesFile{acmnumeric.bbx}[2017-09-27 v0.1 biblatex bibliography style]
% Inherit a default style
\RequireBibliographyStyle{trad-plain}
%%% Localisation strings for ACM
\DefineBibliographyStrings{american}{%
mathesis = {Master's thesis},
phdthesis = {Ph\adddot{}D\adddotspace Dissertation},
editor = {(Ed\adddot)},
editors = {(Eds\adddot)},
edition = {ed\adddot},
}
%%% Formatting for fields
%\DeclareFieldFormat
% [article,inbook,incollection,inproceedings,patent,thesis,unpublished]
% {title}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{pages}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{numpages}{#1 pages}
\DeclareFieldFormat{number}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{articleno}{Article #1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{key}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{urldate}{Retrieved\space{}#1\space{}from}
\DeclareFieldFormat{lastaccessed}{Retrieved\space{}#1\space{}from}
\DeclareFieldFormat{url}{\url{#1}}
\DeclareFieldFormat{edition}{%
\printtext[parens]{\ifinteger{#1}
{\mkbibordedition{#1}~\bibstring{edition}}
{#1\isdot~\bibstring{edition}}}}
% Handle urls field containing 'and' separated list of URLs
% https://github.com/plk/biblatex/issues/229
\DeclareListFormat{urls}{%
\url{#1}%
\ifthenelse{\value{listcount}<\value{liststop}}
{\addcomma\space}
{}}
\renewbibmacro*{url}{\iffieldundef{url}{\printlist{urls}}{\printfield{url}}}
%%% Bibmacro definitions
\renewbibmacro*{translator+others}{%
\ifboolexpr{
test \ifusetranslator
and
not test {\ifnameundef{translator}}
}
{\printnames{translator}%
\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
\usebibmacro{translator+othersstrg}%
\clearname{translator}}
{\printfield{key}}}
\newbibmacro*{year}{%
\iffieldundef{year}%
{\printtext{[n.\ d.]}}%
{\printfield{year}}%
}
\renewbibmacro*{date}{\printtext[parens]{\printdate}}
\renewbibmacro*{url+urldate}{\iffieldundef{urlyear}
{\iffieldundef{lastaccessed}
{}
{\printfield{lastaccessed}%
\setunit*{\addspace}}%
}
{\usebibmacro{urldate}%
\setunit*{\addspace}}%
\usebibmacro{url}%
}
\renewbibmacro*{journal+issuetitle}{%
\usebibmacro{journal}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\iffieldundef{series}
{}
{\newunit%
\printfield{series}%
\setunit{\addspace}}%
\usebibmacro{volume+number+date+pages+eid}%
\newcommaunit%
% \setunit{\addspace}%
\usebibmacro{issue-issue}%
\setunit*{\addcolon\space}%
\usebibmacro{issue}%
\newunit}
\newbibmacro*{volume+number+date+pages+eid}{%
\printfield{volume}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{number}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{articleno}
\setunit{\addcomma\space}
\usebibmacro{date-ifmonth}
\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
\iffieldundef{pages}%
{\printfield{numpages}}%
{\printfield{pages}}%
\newcommaunit%
\printfield{eid}}%
\renewbibmacro*{chapter+pages}{%
\printfield{chapter}%
\setunit{\bibpagespunct}%
\iffieldundef{pages}%
{\printfield{numpages}}%
{\printfield{pages}}%
\newunit}
\renewbibmacro*{editor+others}{%
\ifboolexpr{
test \ifuseeditor
and
not test {\ifnameundef{editor}}
}
{\printnames{editor}%
\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
\usebibmacro{editor+othersstrg}%
\clearname{editor}}
{\iflistundef{organization}{}{\printlist{organization}}}}
\newbibmacro*{issue-issue}{%
\iffieldundef{issue}%
{}%
{\printfield{issue}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\usebibmacro{date-ifmonth}%
}%
\newunit}
\newbibmacro*{maintitle+booktitle+series+number}{%
\iffieldundef{maintitle}
{}
{\usebibmacro{maintitle}%
\newunit\newblock
\iffieldundef{volume}
{}
{\printfield{volume}%
\printfield{part}%
\setunit{\addcolon\space}}}%
\usebibmacro{booktitle}%
\setunit*{\addspace}
\printfield[parens]{series}%
\setunit*{\addspace}%
\printfield{number}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{articleno}
\newunit
}
\renewbibmacro*{booktitle}{%
\ifboolexpr{
test {\iffieldundef{booktitle}}
and
test {\iffieldundef{booksubtitle}}
}
{}
{\printtext[booktitle]{%
\printfield[titlecase]{booktitle}%
\iffieldundef{booksubtitle}{}{
\setunit{\subtitlepunct}%
\printfield[titlecase]{booksubtitle}}%
}%
}%
\printfield{booktitleaddon}}
\renewbibmacro*{volume+number+eid}{%
\printfield{volume}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{number}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{articleno}
\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{eid}}
\renewbibmacro*{publisher+location+date}{%
\printlist{publisher}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printlist{location}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\usebibmacro{date-ifmonth}%
\newunit}
\newbibmacro{date-ifmonth}{%
\iffieldundef{month}{}{%
\usebibmacro{date}
}%
}
\renewbibmacro*{institution+location+date}{%
\printlist{school}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printlist{institution}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printlist{location}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\usebibmacro{date-ifmonth}%
\newunit}
\renewbibmacro*{periodical}{%
\iffieldundef{title}
{}
{\printtext[title]{%
\printfield[titlecase]{title}%
\setunit{\subtitlepunct}%
\printfield[titlecase]{subtitle}}}%
\newunit%
\usebibmacro{journal}}
\renewbibmacro*{issue+date}{%
\iffieldundef{issue}
{\usebibmacro{date}}
{\printfield{issue}%
\setunit*{\addspace}%
\usebibmacro{date}}%
\newunit}
\renewbibmacro*{title+issuetitle}{%
\usebibmacro{periodical}%
\setunit*{\addspace}%
\iffieldundef{series}
{}
{\newunit
\printfield{series}%
\setunit{\addspace}}%
\printfield{volume}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{number}%
\setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{articleno}
\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
\printfield{eid}%
\setunit{\addspace}%
\usebibmacro{issue+date}%
\setunit{\addcolon\space}%
\usebibmacro{issue}%
\newunit}
\renewbibmacro*{doi+eprint+url}{%
\iftoggle{bbx:url}
{\iffieldundef{doi}{
\usebibmacro{url+urldate}
}{\iffieldundef{distinctURL}
{}
{\usebibmacro{url+urldate}}
}
}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:eprint}
{\usebibmacro{eprint}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:doi}
{\printfield{doi}}
{}}
%%% Definitions for drivers (alphabetical)
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{article}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock%
\usebibmacro{year}%
\newunit%
\usebibmacro{title}%
\newunit%
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock%
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock%
\usebibmacro{bytranslator+others}%
\newunit\newblock%
\printfield{version}%
\newunit\newblock%
\usebibmacro{journal+issuetitle}%
\newunit%
\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}%
\newunit%
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock%
\iftoggle{bbx:isbn}
{\printfield{isbn}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock%
\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}%
\newunit\newblock%
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock%
\usebibmacro{related}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{book}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\usebibmacro{author/editor+others/translator+others}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{year}%
\newunit%
\usebibmacro{maintitle+title}%
\newunit%
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{edition}%
\newunit
\usebibmacro{series+number}%
\iffieldundef{maintitle}
{\printfield{volume}%
\printfield{part}}
{}%
\newunit
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{volumes}%
\newunit\newblock
\printfield{note}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{chapter+pages}%
\newunit
\printfield{pagetotal}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:isbn}
{\printfield{isbn}}
{}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}%
\setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{pageref}%
\newunit\newblock
\iftoggle{bbx:related}
{\usebibmacro{related:init}%
\usebibmacro{related}}
{}%
\usebibmacro{finentry}}
\DeclareBibliographyDriver{inbook}{%
\usebibmacro{bibindex}%
\usebibmacro{begentry}%
\iffieldundef{author}%
{\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}}%
{\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}}%
\setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock
\usebibmacro{year}
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{title}%
\newunit
\printlist{language}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{byauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
% \usebibmacro{in:}%
\usebibmacro{bybookauthor}%
\newunit\newblock
\usebibmacro{maintitle+booktitle}%
\newunit\newblock
\iffieldundef{author}{}%if undef then we already printed editor
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%
% Include support for software entries
%
\blx@inputonce{software.bbx}{biblatex style for software}{}{}{}{}
%
% Handle ACM specific ArtifactSoftware entry exactly as the software entry (a soft alias will not work)
%
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\map{
\step[typesource=artifactsoftware,typetarget=software]
\step[typesource=artifactdataset,typetarget=dataset]
}
}
}
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% Show given name first in the reference list
%
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%
% Produce a bibliography with small font size
%
\renewcommand*{\bibfont}{\bibliofont\footnotesize}
%%% Set option values for ACM style
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labeldate=year,
abbreviate=true,
dateabbrev=true,
isbn=true,
doi=true,
urldate=comp,
url=true,
maxbibnames=9,
maxcitenames=2,
backref=false,
sorting=nty,
halid=true,
swhid=true,
swlabels=true,
vcs=true,
license=false,
language=american
}

5
docs/RISCV-FAT/acmnumeric.cbx Normal file
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\ProvidesFile{acmnumeric.cbx}[2017-09-27 v0.1]
\RequireCitationStyle{numeric}
\endinput

3081
docs/RISCV-FAT/samples/ACM-Reference-Format.bst Normal file
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